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Based on the upper limb being supposed as a rigid body and the joints being simplified, the relationship between the acromion and the center of the shoulder was measured by the positions of markers which was gotten by electromagnetic tracking system or three-dimensional measurement system based on general cameras.

在对人体上肢进行必要的简化和刚体假设的前提下，用电磁跟踪系统或三维摄像系统跟踪附着于肩峰和上臂上标记点的位置，根据本研究方法便可得到肩峰和肩关节中心的位置关系。

Mapping of microsatellite markers in two wheat crosses segregating for Pm23 and Pm4b, respectively, in combination with the reported mapping of Pm4a, indicated that the three genes were all linked to the marker Xgwm356 with a distance of 3-5 cM. Allelism between Pm4b and Pm23 was then confirmed, when the progenies of a cross between VPM1 (Pm4b) and Line 81-7241, were shown to be all resistant to a B.

利用获得的8个标记对Pm4b进行遗传作图，结果表明，4个标记与Pm4b连锁(Xgwm356、Xgdm93、Xbar76和Xbarc122)。3个抗白粉病基因(Pm4a、Pm4b和Pm23)均与标记Xgwm356连锁，遗传距离为3-5cM，等位性测验证明Pm23与Pm4b为等位基因。

Common buckwheat ( F. esculentum ) is an allogamy crop, which is heterogony. There is heterogeneity in the species. To reveal the genetic diversity within cultivar population, In order to explore the sampling strategy that can reveal genetic diversity of buckwheat resources on the molecular level. PCR with intron-splice junction primers and long random primers was employed to reveal the genetic diversity within nine common buckwheat varieties and one tartary buckwheat cultivar population among different individuals. We established the sampling strategy in its genetic diversity study. Then we used the established sampling strategy, and the same PCR markers technique,to analysis the genetic diversity of 86 common buckwheat resources, the main results are as follows

甜荞是花柱异长自交不亲和的异花授粉作物，品种内存在一定的异质性，为了准确揭示甜荞遗传资源的遗传多样性，本研究采用因子分析法对86份甜荞遗传资源农艺性状数据进行分析；采用长随机引物和内含子切接点引物的PCR分子标记技术，对9个甜荞品种和1个苦荞品种不同个体间的遗传多样性进行了分析，建立了甜荞资源遗传多样性研究的取样策略；并利用建立的取样策略，采用PCR标记技术，对这86份甜荞资源的遗传多样性进行了分析，取得如下主要结果

In RPE cell culture, Sox2 promoted the expression of retinal ganglion and amacrine markers, and suppressed the expression of genes associated with RPE properties.

在RPE细胞培养中，Sox2促进了视网膜神经节细胞和无长突细胞标记物的表达，并抑制RPE功能相关的基因的表达。

GDCA, GCDCA, GCA, and GUDCA might be used as potential markers to indicate degree of amanita verna poisoning and prognosis of patients.

GDCA、GCDCA、GCA及GUDCA可以指示白毒伞中毒程度及预后。

Flow cytometry and immunofluorescence were applied to detect the expression of surface markers of amniotic fluid stem cells.

流式细胞仪及免疫荧光法检测羊水干细胞表面标志的表达。

In this study, the author used GISH technology to analyze the material that was resistant to take-all in test, and got three chromosome arm addition lines that carried the resistance genes derived from the amphiploid of Triticum-Haynaldia. The above arm addition lines and their resistant and sensitive parents were analyzed by RAPD method and two specific molecular markers that were tightly linked to resistant gene were obtained.

本研究先用基因组原位杂交对经鉴定抗全蚀病的材料进行分析，检测出三个抗性源于簇毛麦的端体异附加系材料，再利用RAPD方法，对这三个材料和抗感病亲本进行分析，得到了两个与全蚀病抗性基因紧密相关的特异性RAPD标记。

Sequences of ITS in nrDNA is one of the widely used markers in angiosperm systematics.

核糖体rDNA ITS是被子植物系统发育研究中应用最广泛的分子标记之一。

The typical pathological characteristics of SPTs may result from gradual degenerative changes induced anoxemia in some SPT's areas. The heterogeneity of SPTs on different antibody markers showed that the SPTs may be originated from pancreatic embryonic stem cells, and result from immature differentiation of the pluripotential stem cells during pancreatic genesis.

SPT典型病理特征是由于肿瘤组织不同区域相对缺血、缺氧所造成的退行性变的结果，SPT表达多种组织来源的抗原，反映其可能来源于胰腺干细胞及与其发育密切相关的胚胎神经嵴的神经前体细胞，且在发育过程中发生分化不成熟的结果。

Methods: Mesenchymal stem cells were isolated from human term placenta by digestion of collagenase Ⅱ and their unique growth characteristic of attaching to the wall of cell culture flask. The proliferation ability was detected by living cell number counting and propidium iodide staining. Their surface markers were detected by flow cytometry. The cells were induced to osteoblast with dexamethasone, antiscorbutic acid and β-sodium glycerophosphate. And they also were induced to adipocytes with dexamethasone and insulin. After induction, the cells were observed by Von Kossa staining and oil red O staining.

将人足月胎盘组织经胶原酶Ⅱ消化和贴壁培养法获取间充质干细胞，运用活细胞计数和碘化丙吮检测其增殖能力；采用流式细胞术检测其细胞表面标志的表达；用地塞米松、抗坏血酸及β-磷酸甘油诱导其向成骨细胞分化，并用Von Kossa染色进行鉴定；用地塞米松与胰岛素诱导其向脂肪细胞分化，并以油红O染色进行鉴定。

But we don't care about Battlegrounds.

但我们并不在乎沙场中的显露。

Ah! don't mention it, the butcher's shop is a horror.

啊！不用提了。提到肉，真是糟透了。