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In chapter 5, the concept of zero-span tension known in papermaking area is for the first time introduce to wood science area to explore in-tree variation of longitudinal tensile strength of tracheids and its main influencing factors. In chapter 6, composite micromechanics and classic laminated theory are used to make a comprehensive and detailed analysis of the main influencing factors of mechanical properties of tracheids cell wall. Some experimental results acquired in the foregoing chapters are explained successfully. Results were summarized as follows: Mechanical characteristics of wood at micron scale: 1 At micron scale, the longitudinal mechanicai behavior of wood microtome section differs greatly from that of wood with normal size.

论文的第2章首先研究了微米尺度下木材的力学特性，为后面运用木材微切片拉伸技术奠定一定的理论基础；在第3章，首次考虑到了微米尺度下木材力学性质的尺寸效应，并运用木材微切片正常间距拉伸技术研究了管胞纵向弹性模量的株内变异规律；在第4章，首次利用纳米压痕技术中最新发展起来的连续刚度测量法直接在管胞细胞壁上进行纳米级的压痕实验，测量次生壁S〓层的纵横向弹性模量和硬度，从而把细胞壁力学的研究提高到一个更高的水平；在第5章，首次把造纸领域的零距拉伸技术引入木材科学研究领域，研究了管胞纵向抗拉强度的株内变异规律及其主要影响因素；第6章则运用复合材料细观力学的基本理论和经典层板理论对影响细胞壁力学性能的主要因素进行了全面而系统的分析，并为前几章的一些实验结果提供理论上的解释。

The research results show that there is a good positive correlativity between dynamic modulus of elasticity and the longitudinal or transverse wave velocity, but there is no such positive correlativity between dynamic Poisson's ratio of the rocks and its longitudinal or transverse wave velocity.

研究结果表明，煤系岩石的动弹性模量与岩石的纵波或横波速度具有很好的正相关关系，而与泊松比不具有这种正相关关系。

The main contents and achievements are summarized as following: 1. The principle of tension leveling of metal strip is described systematically using relative tension and relative curvature on the basis of plane hypothesis including the stress distribution on the section, the condition to undergo plastic longitudinal elongation, the calculation of longitudinal elongation, the change of tension along the strip etc.. 2. The tension leveling process of metal strip on a multi-roll arrangement is investigated detailed by nonlinear finite element method and many rules to guide the strain, deformation, stress and bending moment are discovered and illustrated.

本文的主要内容和成果如下： 1、以平面假设为前提，采用解析分析方法，建立了以相对张力和相对弯曲曲率为基本参数的平面应变金属带材拉伸弯曲变形基本原理较为系统的描述，描述涉及到应力分布与两个基本参数的关系、带材塑性延伸的边界条件、带材延伸率的计算、带材张力变化的计算等。

Experimental results demonstrate that when the tensile speed is fast, longitudinal volume electrical resistance decreases with the increasing of the stress, before the rupture the electrical resistance decreases to the most low, the moment the sample rupture, the electrical resistance increases suddenly. when the tensile speed is slow, longitudinal volume electrical resistance decreases with the increasing of the stress during the tensile prophase, before the rupture, the big surging of the electrical resistance occurres.

结果表明，CFRP复合材料在受力过程中，当拉伸速度较快时，试样的体积电阻随应力增加持续降低，在试样断裂前降至最低，但在试样断裂瞬间急剧增加；当拉伸速度较慢时，拉伸前期的电阻随应力增加不断降低，在断裂发生前电阻发生较大幅度的振荡。

This paper develops a mathematical model for the solution to the longitudinal tooth curve of an internal gear shaver based on the simplified principle for space transmission of a helical gear pair without flank clearance,and proposes a calculating approach of the profile modification of the grinding wheel to be used for grinding the longitudinal tooth curve of the shaver.

用简化的空间螺旋齿轮作无侧隙啮合传动的原理，建立了求解内剃齿刀齿向曲线的数学模型，并给出了修磨这种齿向曲线的盘形砂轮的廓形计算方法。

Based on experimental results for conventional ultrasonic creeping wave,straight beam probe,small angle longitudinal wave,micro-paralleling creeping wave,an approach is proposed to select small angle longitudinal wave and micro-paralleling creeping wave to detect strut porcelain insulator.The choice of ultrasonic apparatus,probe and test block,the adjustment manner of working sensitivity and sweep speed,the principle of decision defect are presented.

在总结分析传统超声爬波法、横波法、普通直探头法、小角度纵波斜探头法和微型并联爬波法等几种常用的支柱瓷绝缘子超声波检测方法优缺点的基础上，通过试验分析了采用小角度纵波斜探头结合微型并联爬波探头对支柱瓷绝缘子进行超声波检测的工艺方法，确定了用该法对瓷绝缘子进行超声波检测的仪器、探头和试块的选用，探伤灵敏度和扫描速度的调整方法以及缺陷判定的原则。

According to the freight vehicle longitudinal stresscondition loads will be divided into switchyard conditions,brake condition,ease conditin and so on.Then based on survey statistics and samples of various spectral condition, the preparation of the actual operation longitudinal load spectrum will be established.

3根据货车纵向受力状况，将纵向载荷分成溜放、制动、缓解等工况，并依据调查统计及试验样本谱合成各种工况，编制实际运行的纵向载荷谱。

Fetal transverse position when the longitudinal axis of the vertical longitudinal axis and the mother is the most fetal position is not conducive to giving birth.

横位时胎儿纵轴与母体纵轴相垂直，是最不利于分娩的胎位。

In an illustrative embodiment, the first mouth outer surfaces shape allows free slip of the first mouth parallel to the first mouth longitudinal axis, as well as rotation of the first mouth about both the first mouth longitudinal axis and a first mouth outer surface transverse axis.

在图解的实施例中，第一端口外表面的形状允许第一端口在平行于第一端口的纵向轴线上自由滑动，也允许第一端口绕第一端口的纵向轴线和第一端口的外表面横向轴线这两者旋转。

D1.1 of the AISI Specification limits the maximum longitudinal spacing of connections to ... where smax = maximum permissible longitudinal spacing of connectors L= unbraced length of compression member rI = radius of gyration of I-section about the axis perpendicular to the direction in which buckling would occur for the given conditions of end support and intermediate bracing rcy = radius of gyration of one C-section about its centroidal axis parallel to the web.....

因此，AISI规范第D1.1节限定连接的最大纵向间隙为：，式中 smax =连接体允许的最大纵向间隙 L=抗压构件的自由长度 rI =工字钢对垂直于给定端承和中间肋条件下可能产生纵向弯曲方向的轴的回转半径 rcy =一段U型钢对其平行于筋的质心轴的回转半径。。。。。。。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。