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As part of the study of social administration of Nanjing in the Republic of China, the thesis consists of 7 chapters: Chapter one explains the basic concepts of social administration and the development of modernization of Nanjing before 1927. It stresses the importance of social administration in city development through the depiction of social characteristics and problems of Nanjing. Chapter 2 introduced the theory of social administration of the Republic of China, under which the municipal institutions are structured. It focuses on the social theory of Sun Yat-sen and correlative comments of Jiang Kai-shi, which reflect the theoretic level and subjective intention of social reform of the Republic of China. Chapter 3 discusses the local autonomy of Nanjing of the Republic of China. The origin of democratic local autonomy theory and its influence over social administration are expatriated. The advantages and disadvantages of local autonomy are analyzed in detail. Chapter 4 focuses its discussion upon social rescue work, an important part of social administration, with general description of social rescue work in Nanjing and concludes the characteristics of social rescue work in the transition from the traditional to the modern society. Focusing on the prominent problem of the large flows and inflation of population of Nanjing, chapter 5 discusses the population and population management of Nanjing and outlines the population situation through analysis of the population problem, management methods and the current situation. Chapter 6 describes the unprecedentedly active citizen organizations and parties. The transform and changes of these organizations occurring under the new circumstances and their functions in social administration are analyzed to reveal the interactive function between government and social organizations in social administration. Chapter 7, the epilogue, makes theoretic evaluation of the characteristics of social administration and its revelation to the current society of Nanjing, hoping this research serves as a reference to the current time.

本文是民国南京社会管理研究的一个部分，由七个章节组成：第一章介绍了社会管理的基本概念和1927年以前南京社会近代化的变迁过程，通过对南京社会特点和社会问题的描述，阐明了社会管理在城市发展中的重要作用；第二章介绍了民国社会管理思想的基本内容和在此指导下的南京市政府有关机构的设置，着重阐述了孙中山的社会管理思想和蒋介石的有关论述，反映了国民政府的社会管理的认识水平及其实行社会改造的主观意图；第三章专题讨论了民国南京地方自治，对具有近代民主意义的地方自治思想的由来及其社会管理意义进行了阐述，具体分析了南京推行地方自治的利弊得失；第四章将社会救济事业作为社会管理的一项重要内容进行了讨论，描述了南京社会救济事业的基本概况并对从传统向近代过渡社会救济事业的若干特点进行了总结；第五章针对南京城市人口的大量流动和急剧膨胀这一突出的社会问题，集中讨论了南京的人口与人口管理，通过对南京人口问题、管理手段以及人口状况的分析，展示了南京人口构成的基本面貌；第六章描述了南京空前活跃的市民组织和社会团体，着意反映这些社会组织在新的条件下的转型和变化，分析其在社会管理中所发挥的作用，企望由此揭示政府与社会组织在社会管理中的互动作用；第七章为结语，对南京社会管理的特点及其对现实的启示进行了理论评价，力求本研究更能具有现实借鉴意义。

Compared with the Protection Convention of the World Cultural and Natural Heritages and National Parks Systems of the USA, world geoparks are characterized by protecting geoheritages, promoting local economy, improving local people's living conditions, meliorating local scientific education and respecting sovereignty.

与已发展较成熟的《保护世界文化和自然遗产公约》计划和&美国国家公园体系&相比，世界地质公园具有保护地质遗迹与服务当地经济、改善当地人生活条件和农村环境、发挥教育科普功能以及尊重所属国主权相结合的特点。

Beginning with two perspectives on regionalism-now and here, the author analyses two kind of phenomenon in the practice of critical regionalism theory in China: contemporary local culture neglected and local culture outmatched by architects' personal style. In addition to this, the author attempts to find a solution from outstanding works of local architects, and to deepen understanding of critical regionalism.

本文从&此时&的地域主义和&此地&的地域主义两个角度出发，分析了批判的地域主义理论在中国的实践过程中出现的&忽视当代地方文化&和&建筑师个人风格凌驾于地方文化之上&两种现象和问题，并试图通过对本土建筑师优秀作品的分析寻求解决方法，同时加深对批判的地域主义理论的认识。

An MOF official said:"Frankly, I don't think we can afford further tax cut in 2009 given our tight budget", thus experts argue that, local government may come up with tax cuts, not central government. 2 Shanghai is considering rebating paid personal income tax, and giving out Shanghai citizenship to non-local buyers. 3 Shenzhen: MOLR -local's yesterday guidance: to prevent big fluctuation in the 2009 market.

一位商务部官员表示：&坦白讲，按照现有的紧张预算，2009年再进一步减税完全无法承受&，对此专家表示，地方政府可能实行减税措施，中央政府不会了。2）上海正在考虑向购房者返还已上缴个税，同时将向非上海户籍购房者分配一定的上海市户口。3）深圳：市国土资源局昨日发布通知：2009年房市避免价格波动。

This is hardly the only nation where local bureaucrats sometimes run a bit too free. But in China, where many local officials are less than well trained and only the party can eject them from office, local governments' dubious edicts are common enough that skewering them has become a favorite pastime of China's Web users.

几乎没有一个国家的地方官员能如此随意使用权利，但是在中国，许多的地方官员素质不高，并且只有共产党能罢免他们，抨击击他们出台的令人质疑的法令法规成了中国网民的一项颇受欢迎的娱乐消遣。

This is hardly the only nation where local bureaucrats sometimes run a bit too free. But in China,where many local officials are less than well trained and only the party can eject them from office, local governments' dubious edicts are common enough that skewering them has become a favorite pastime of China's Web users.

这可能是世界上唯一一个国家基层官员有这么大的自由，在中国，很多本地基层官员没有受到良好的训练并且只有可能被PARTY 赶出办公室，基层官员奇怪的法令常常会成为互联网用户的饭后谈资。

In the process of immigration of eastern Sichuan and western Hubei, at least three issues are worthy of noting: one, the settlers had a difficult trip, life was unstable and crafts was extremely difficult in the mountain region in early time; two, Land disputes are more common in initial time of immigration, occupying boundary, subleasing, reselling and looting land often caused fights even murder, which shows early highly complex relation of immigration in community; three, immigrants plays a very important role in the development of local economy. If the local economic development can be divided into four stages, the fourth period (that is, from the middle of the 18th century to the 19th century) is the most important period for immigration, is the period of fastest development of economy and is the period of the local economic development the largest impacted by immigrants.

初期移民社会至少有三个问题引起本文注意，首先、移民们行程艰难，到达深山地区初期的生活很不稳定，劳作极其艰辛；其次、土地纠纷是初期移民社会较为普遍的现象，蒙混占界、转租转卖、抢占土地往往引起群殴甚至酿成命案，初期移民社会围绕土地争夺而展开的各种关系极为复杂；三、移民给当地社会经济带来了较大的变化，如果可以将唐宋至十九世纪末当地经济的发展分为四个时期，那么，第三个时期(即十八世纪中叶到十九世纪)是移民的重要时期也是当地经济发展最快的时期，移民对经济发展变化的影响是很大的。

The characteristic of the status of our local government administrative cost is : according to the time alignment , the administrative cost of our local government is increasing quickly; according to the time transverse, the administrative cost of our local government is high very much; according to the accommodate, the distribution of the accommodate is not reasonable.

我国行政成本的现状有如下特点：从时间序列上看，政府行政成本增长迅速；从时间横段面上看，政府行政成本处于较高的水平；从供应情况看，政府行政成本供应分布不合理。

Many previous studies focused on the line on taxes, this article from the perspective of local finance to re-examine the bamboo slips with "Kou money" as the breakthrough point, consider Fenghuangshan bamboo slips "Kou money" entry is not a minor poll tax levied on people, nor is it easy for adults to impose meaning on the poll tax, but with the other entries on bamboo slips, as part of local budgets are used to supply local public service costs of the Chief Executive.

以往研究焦点多集中在赋税额度上，本文则从地方财政角度重新审视这批简牍，以&口钱&为切入点，认为凤凰山汉简所载的&口钱&条目并不是向未成年人征收的人头税，也不是简单意义上向成年人征收的人头税，而是与简牍上其它条目一样，是地方财政的一部分，用来供给地方行政长官的公务费用。

Compared with the exchange and mutation operation in genetic algorithm ,crossover operation becomes helpless when adaptive value of most individules in demes have little difference.The algorithm falls into local solution and can't be solved by exchange. Although mutation can make it shake off local convergence and jump out of local solution, denteric mutation may destroy the produced module that is constructive to form the optimal solution.

相比遗传算法中的交换和变异操作，当种群的多数个体适应值相差不大时交叉操作就显得无能为力，算法陷入局部解而不能由交换解决，突然变异能够使之摆脱局部收敛而跃出局部解，但是后期的变异可能破坏已产生的对形成最优解有建设性作用的模块。

Breath, muscle contraction of the buttocks; arch body, as far as possible to hold his head, right leg straight towards the ceiling (peg-leg knee in order to avoid muscle tension).

呼气，收缩臀部肌肉；拱起身体，尽量抬起头来，右腿伸直朝向天花板（膝微屈，以避免肌肉紧张）。

The cost of moving grain food products was unchanged from May, but year over year are up 8%.

粮食产品的运输费用与5月份相比没有变化，但却比去年同期高8％。