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The amphiphiles, 4-8, can not form reverse bilayers in organic solvent, which result in that the molecular interactions unable to meet the need for hydrophile-lypophile balance, so that they crystallize and exhibit no gelling abilities. The mono-chained L-alanine derivatives, 1-3, can self-assemble into bilayer aggregates, through intermolecular hydrogen bonding and homochiral effect in a number of organic liquids, which are juxtaposed and interlocked by van der Waals interaction, and finally gelate the organic liquids.

单链酰基化L-丙胺酸两亲物1-3在一些低极性的有机溶剂可以通过分子间氢键相互作用及同手性聚集作用形成有序的反双分子膜结构，这些有序反双分子膜结构单元依靠vander Waals力相互作用可以平行排列且相互之间进行连结形成长纤维状的聚集体，纤维状聚集体在有机介质中可以进一步相互连结形成三维网状结构，进而胶凝有机溶剂。

Fire-fighting foam is an aggregate of air-filled bubbles formed from aqueous solutions and has a lower density than that of flammable liquids. It is principally used to form a cohesive floating blanket over flammable and combustible liquids and prevents or extinguishes fire by excluding the air and cooling the fuel. It also prevents from reignition by suppressing formation of flammable vapors. Therefore, Fire-fighting foam can be used as a fire prevention, control, or exposure protection for flammable liquid fire hazards.

消防泡沫是一种填充空气的泡沫水溶液集合体，其密度比易燃性液体低，并可粘著、覆盖於易燃性与可燃性液体表面而达到隔离空气、冷却燃料及防止燃料持续蒸发引燃等功用，所以消防泡沫常使用在易燃性危险液体之预防火灾、制压火势及防阻延烧上。

Starting from the hydroxylamine (dimethyl amino ethanol, triethanolamine) and 1, 3-propane sultone, a series of hydroxyl and sulfonyl dual-functionalized zwitterionic salts were synthesized. Then dual-functionalized ionic liquids containing both hydroxyl and sulfonyl functional groups were produced successfully by zwitterionic salts and three kinds of strong acids (p-toluene sulfonic acid, trifluoromethanesulfonic acid, methanesulfonic acid) respectively. The structure of zwitterionic salts and dual-functional ionic liquids were confirmed by the 1H NMR and IR.

以羟基有机胺(N，N-二甲基乙醇胺，三乙醇胺)为原料与1，3-磺酸内酯反应合成了一系列含有羟基和磺酸基双官能团的内盐，并将所得到的内盐分别与三种强酸(对甲苯磺酸，三氟磺酸，甲磺酸)反应，成功地合成了双功能化室温离子液体，并通过红外光谱、核磁氢谱测定，证实了内盐和双功能化离子液体的结构。

In order to improve the catalytic performances of the chloroaluminate, some organic chemicals with strong electron-donating capacity,such as benzene,alkylbenzene,thioalcohol and thiophene,were introduced into the ionic liquids to modify the ionic liquids.

为改善氯铝酸离子液体的催化性能，向氯铝酸离子液体中引入微量具有供电子能力的苯，烷基苯，硫醇，噻吩等助剂，对离子液体进行改性。

This procedure is suitable for liquids with non-Newtonian behavior, i.e., liquids that are either shear-thinning or thixotropic.

此过程是合适于非牛顿体的液体。液体是可以剪切稀或触变型的。

The application results from fluorination showed microwave heating could accelerate chemical reactions markedly. The reaction time could be shortened 50% at least than that of conventional heating. The relationship between fluorinating agents\' structure and their activity was studied systematically. In addition, an anhydrous KF with higher activity was prepared by using expansion effect of microwave heating. As we known, solvents were very important to reaction. The comprehensive study showed some less polar aromatic solvents could be used as dipolar solvents. In addition, they had better effect than dipolar solvents in some occasions, such as fluorination of chlorobenzaldehydes and chlorinated diphenyl ketones etc. The primary applications of ionic liquids were also studied which indicated reactions with ionic liquids as solvents were more efficient and simple.

研究表明，微波是一种节能高效的加热方式，在微波作用下的卤素交换氟化反应具有反应速度快、转化率高、选择性好的优点，其反应时间可较常规加热缩短50%以上；同时也系统地研究了氟化剂种类及制备方式对其反应活性的影响，并利用微波加热的膨化作用制备出了一种活性较高的KF，其活性与喷雾干燥KF相差不大；溶剂对反应具有重要的作用，在此系统地研究了强极性非质子溶剂和中等极性非质子溶剂的应用情况，发现一些中等极性的非质子溶剂如硝基芳烃和氯代芳烃类溶剂在氯代苯甲醛类化合物的氟化反应中具有比强极性非质子溶剂更好的使用效果。

The pump is equipment with extensive uses, which can homogenize and fine material liquids or make the material liquids to form highpressured spray.

本泵是一种用途广泛的能将料液均质细化，或使料液形成高压喷雾的设备。

Second, research evidence comparing the short-term satiating power of different types of liquids and of solids remains inconclusive. Numerous clinical studies have shown that sugar-containing liquids, when consumed in place of usual meals, can lead to a significant and sustained weight loss.

第一，已出版的关于含糖饮料摄入与肥胖的流行病学研究重新评定表明：大多数这种研究要么是横断面调查要么是基于目前这种趋势的一种被动性的监测，因而研究也存在着允许两者因果关系不成立情况；第二，关于不同类型饮料和固体食物短期内谁更能使人觉得饱胀能力的比较调查还没有结果。

Second, research eidence comparing the short-term satiating power of different types of liquids and of solids remains inconclusie. Numerous clinical studies hae shown that sugar-containing liquids, when consumed in place of usual meals, can lead to a significant and sustained weight loss.

第一，已出版的关于含糖饮料摄入与肥胖的流行病学研究重新评定表明：大多数这种研究要么是横断面调查要么是基于目前这种趋势的一种被动性的监测，因而研究也存在着允许两者因果关系不成立情况；第二，关于不同类型饮料和固体食物短期内谁更能使人觉得饱胀能力的比较调查还没有结果。

Synthesis of N-substituted carbametes catalyzed by ionic liquids Ionic liquids were introduced into the syntheses of N-substituted carbamates from alkyl carbamates and amines.

离子液体为催化剂合成N-取代氨基甲酸酯将离子液体引入到小分子氨基甲酸烷基酯和有机胺合成N-取代氨基甲酸酯反应。

In the United States, chronic alcoholism and hepatitis C are the most common ones.

在美国，慢性酒精中毒，肝炎是最常见的。

If you have any questions, you can contact me anytime.

如果有任何问题，你可以随时联系我。