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It utilized a concave lens to reflect the incident light in lithography process and controls the exposure dosage in photoresist. Micro-pyramid array in photoresist is then developed onto the substrate.

利用凹透镜改变曝光机入射光的角度，控制曝光剂量於光阻中，以成型出四角锥柱微结构，并将其应用在导光板制造技术上。

The hybrid gel film on curved surface can replace traditional light-sensitive lacquer, and improve the grating's stability. The VLSG with the line density of 80l/mm was fabricated on a concave lens surface with curved radius of 100mm.

采用这种方法在曲率半径为100mm的凹球面基底上制作了平均线密度为80l/mm的光栅，并用环境扫描电镜以及数字图像处理法检测了光栅的线密度分布。

Three LEDs biology light sources with different intensity for cell or tissue culture have been developed in the third part of this thesis. A concave lens to expand the beams of light, to focus the rays of light and an array of LEDs being set in the sphere connected with Fresnel lenses are three newly-designed in our systems.

实际测试数据表明：低强度光源输出的辐射照度范围为0.0021—0.9961(W／m~2)，在直径20mm的照射面积内所测辐射照度的标准偏差为0.02W／m~2(n=40，Mean：0.71 W／m~2)；中等强度光源输出的辐射照度范围为0.3579—11.2286(W／m~2)，在直径30mm照射面积内所测辐射照度的标准偏差为0.02W／m~2n=60，Mean：6.37 W／m~2；较高强度光源输出的辐射照度范围为17—110(W／m~2，在直径40mm照射面积内所测辐射照度的标准偏差为0.02W／m~2(n=80，Mean：71.54 W／m~2)。

The eyes were periodically examined by retinoscopy, and A-scan ultrasonography. Two weeks later, the eyeballs were removed and the apoptotic cells were determined by electron microscopy, TUNEL technique and flow cytometry in scleras. Both bFGF and the bcl-2 protein were determined by the immunohistochemisty method and the Western-blot method. Results: All eyes treated with -10.00D or -20.00D concave lens produced defocus-induced myopia.

实验前后用睫状肌麻痹下验光、A超动态观察豚鼠眼屈光度和眼轴长度，并取后极部巩膜组织，用电镜、终末脱氧核糖核苷酸转移酶介导原位缺口末端标记法和流式细胞术检测巩膜的凋亡细胞，应用免疫组织化学染色和蛋白印迹（Western-blot）法检测bFGF和bcl-2蛋白。

Methods: A -20D concave or -10D concave lens was worn over the right eye in 30 fourweek old pigmented guinea pigs.

选健康4周龄豚鼠45只，随机分成3组，Ⅰ组（右眼配戴-20D）、Ⅱ组（右眼配戴-10D）Ⅲ组。

Aberration of the concave mirror is reduced by a meniscus lens.

用半月板镜头减少凹透镜的过失。

AIM: To investigate the effect of high glucose with various concentration on apoptosis of human lens epithelial cells.

目的：研究不同浓度的高糖对人晶状体上皮细胞凋亡的作用。

According to the principle and composition of machine vision and the specific requirements of voice diaphragm concentricity measure system, and based on analyzed the features of voice diaphragm , proper camera, lens, lighting manner, light source and background were chosen to form and realize the vision system of the system.

根据机器视觉的原理、构成和同心度测量系统的具体要求，在分析了音膜的特征的基础上，选择合适的摄像机、镜头、照明方式、光源和背景构建并实现了音膜同心度测量系统的视觉系统。

For example, when young he built his own camera from a purchased lens and old concertina bellows and succeeded in photographing his local surroundings and various family members, and even sold some of his photos.

举例来说，当年轻的他建立了自己的相机，从购买的镜头和旧concertina波纹管，并成功拍摄，他在当地的环境和各家庭成员，甚至出售他的一些照片。

Wall of cupule more than 3 mm thick or rarely thinner; leaf blade concolorous or with scalelike glands (like tiny drops of water and visible only under high magnifying lens), margin dentate or if entire then abaxially covered with long or stellate hairs.

壳斗的壁超过薄3毫米厚或很少；叶片两面同色或具鳞片状腺体(象极小滴水一样和可见只在高放大透镜下)， 22

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。