查询词典 legislation

Through the autocriticism of our legislation and the lucubrating of the advanced legislation of the developed country, this article rise the precautionary principle, control principle, intervention principle, in principle, and responsibility principle as the basic principles of our biosafety legislation. Then improve our biosafety legislation system under the guidance of these principles.

首先，应当制定一部《生物安全法》作为框架性的生物安全管理法律；其次，制定各领域的生物安全专项管理法律，或对原有的有关法律进行补充；再次，提出制定转基因生物环境影响和安全评价、生物技术成果越境转移管理、转基因生物标签管理等方面的法律、法规，应对目前生物安全的主要问题，并对生物技术损害法律责任的承担和纠纷处理程序立法提出建议；最后，指出其他部门立法中有关生物安全方面应当进行的修改，包括知识产权法中的基因专利方面，民法中有关基因隐私权方面，刑法中的基因犯罪方面，等等。

Chapter 1 is a preface to introduce the motives of this paper research methods scope restriction and frame Chapter 2 will fist introduce the concept of database and then discuss the necessity of database protection in the creating methods and with or without originality This chapter will put emphasis on the importance of originality to database Chapter 3 will observe the British America and Germany's viewpoint of originality to discuss their legislative mode of database legal protection Chapter will introduce EU Directive/96/9/EC of database protection and four judges of EU Court after the Directive takes effect in 2004 to find how the ECJ use the Directive Then according to the DG Internal Market and Service Working Pater and BEUC's evaluation of the Directive this paper will find whether there is positive reaction and influence in database market after EU member countries take the same legislations with the Directive Section 5 will introduce the legislation of British and Germany following the Directive and analyze the development and questions of the two countries' current legislation Chapter 5 will start with Americas case Feist v Jane Doe to understand the case's influence to American legal protection of databases and introduce the Parliament's proposal after the EU Directive Chapter 6 will introduce Japan legislation regarding legal protection of database works and discuss the goodness and badness through Japan academy and judicial viewpoint Chapter 7 will introduce Taiwan's legislation to find whether current law provides enough and adequate protection to databases and discuss whether there is a necessity of amendment At last this paper will try to provide some suggestions about our legislation Chapter 8 is the conclusion of this paper

第二章首先介绍资料库之概念，并以建置方式与是否具原创性区分方式探讨资料库法律保护之必要性，而因著眼原创性对於资料库法律保护之重要性，便於第三章以比较法独立观察英、美、德国对原创性之观点，以接续探讨三国对资料库所采取之立法途径。第四章部份介绍欧盟资料库保护指令之相关规定，并就指令公布后，欧盟法院於2004年接续作出四个关於资料库保护之判决加以介绍，以期寻求欧盟法院如何运用指令规范中之构成要件，而后并参考欧盟委员会工作小组及消费者组织报告对欧体资料库指令之评估文献，探究欧盟各国采取与指令相同立法后，在资料库市场上是否有正面的回应及影响，并於第五节针对英、德两国跟进欧盟资料库保护指令立法之介绍，并归纳、检讨英、德两国之现行法制之发展与所面临之问题。第五章延续第三章、第四章论述后，进入美国1991年Feist案后，美国法院对国内资料库保护之后续见解，探究1991年Feist案对美国资料库保护之影响程度，同时并述美国於欧体公布资料库指令后国会提出之资料库立法草案。第六章则针对日本新增资料库著作之立法模式加以介绍，并藉由日本学界、实务之见解探讨该立法模式之优缺点，再於第七章进入我国法制之介绍，以观察我国目前之法制是否提供资料库充分的保护，探讨资料库立法之必要性，最后尝试提出我国立法模式之建议。第八章则为总结之论述。

First, it points out the internal need to enact CFC Legislation under U.S. tax law. Then it describes the definition of CFC, the taxable income, the taxpayer and anti-evasion methods under U.S. CFC Legislation. Thereafter it addresses the latest development of U.S. CFC Legislation focusing on the so-called"Check-the-box Rule"and"Look-through Rule". Chapter 3 considers the referenceable merits of U.S.

首先，从美国税法中寻找制定CFC立法的内在需要；其次，从受控外国公司的定义、纳税所得、纳税主体以及反规避措施四个方面介绍美国CFC立法的主要内容；最后，以自选规则与透视规则为切入点，关注美国CFC立法的最新发展。

First, the author discusses the concept of drug, the concept of drug crime and the types of drug crime; Second, the author comparatively analysis both outside and inside legislation of drug crime, and analysis the characteristics of the legislation; Third, the author analysis several problems of the constitution of drug crime, including the accomplishment standard of the selling drug crime, the cognizance of illegally holding drug crime, mediacy act of drug crime; At last, the author presents my own proposals of perfecting the drug crime legislation, including adding the purchasing drug crime and illegally providing drug-making equipments crime, perfecting the aggravation polts and controlling the parole and commute of drug criminal.

首先，笔者论述了毒品的概念、毒品犯罪的概念和毒品犯罪的类型；其次，笔者对国内外毒品犯罪的立法进行了比较研究，并分析了其各自的立法特点；再次，笔者分析了我国毒品犯罪构成中的几个问题，包括贩卖毒品罪既未遂标准、非法持有毒品罪的认定和毒品犯罪居间行为；最后，笔者对我国毒品犯罪刑事立法的完善提出了自己的建议，包括增设购买毒品罪和非法提供制毒设备罪、完善我国毒品犯罪从重处罚的犯罪情节以及严格控制对毒犯的假释或减刑。

First, in this essay, the author states the reasonableness and necessity of permitting transfer of mortgaged property, affirms that mortgager will not lose the right of dispose and is entitle to transfer the property freely when the property is under mortgage. And at the same time, the author agrees the theoretical basis of droit de suite and the mortgagee's interests can be protected through the enforcement of the recovery right. Second, the author introduces the legislation of droit de suite in several countries with typical civil law legal system and analyses the particular characteristics of these different registrations. Third, the author points out the defects and malpractice of the legislations in our country after analyzing the legislation which state ambiguously the recovery right of mortgage and restricts the transfer of mortgaged property based on the tracing the development of system in respect of transfer of mortgaged property in Chinese legislation on guarantee. Finally, according to the real situation of our country, the author presents some concrete proposals on perfecting the system of transfer of mortgaged property and droit de suite of mortgage to reach the balance between static safety of property rights and dynamical safety of transactions with the reference to successful expericnees of other countries.

本文首先从理论依据出发，论述允许抵押物转让的合理性与必要性，肯定抵押人在抵押期间不丧失对抵押物的处分权，可以自由转让抵押物，同时认为抵押权追及力的存在具有理论基础，通过赋予抵押权以追及效力即可保障抵押物转让关系中抵押权人的利益；其次，简要介绍几个具有典型意义的大陆法系国家关于抵押权追及力的立法状况，分析各国立法的侧重点；再次，结合我国担保立法关于抵押物转让制度的发展轨迹，对我国立法未明确承认抵押权所固有的追及效力，且限制抵押物转让的规定进行剖析，认为存在一定的疏漏和弊端，具有明显的不合理性；最后，根据我国国情，并借鉴国外立法的成功经验，提出完善我国抵押物转让及抵押权追及制度的具体立法建议，以寻求物权的静态安全与交易活动的动态安全的平衡。

As regards the legislation paradigm,we should make a decision between integral legislation andpartial legislation,recapitulative legislation and normative legislation.

在立法时机上要考虑三方面的因素，即有无急切的立法需求、是否具备满足立法需求的条件和能够满足立法需求的程度。

Chapter 4 is a design regarding the Anti-circumvention legislation of China, including the analysis of the necessity and urgency of perfection of our legislation, introduction of the current legislation and practice situation in China, detailed system design respecting our Anti-circumvention legislation in principle, substantive provision and procedure provision on the basis of the specific situation in China as well as the proposals to handle the potential circumvention in the reexport trade from the Separate Customs Territory especially Hongkong to mainland.

第四章主要对我国反规避立法的构建进行了制度设计。分析了完善我国反规避立法的必要性和紧迫性，介绍了当前我国反规避立法及实践的现状；结合我国具体国情就我国反规避立法的原则、实体规定及程序规定各方面对我国的反规避立法进行了具体的制度设计；对通过我国单独关税区主要是香港向内地的转口贸易中可能存在的规避行为的应对提出了建议。

An appraisable general statement about the current legislation state in our country's circular economy's development is made from two aspects, in the whole country and in some certain areas. Then further analysis of the problems existing in the legislation's aim, the legal system and the construction of legal institutions of our country's circular economy's legislation is made in order to point out the direction for the legal institution's building of our country's circular economy.

该部分从国家和地方两个层面，对我国的循环经济立法现状进行了评价性的概述，并在此基础上，深入剖析了我国循环经济立法在立法观念上、法律体系和法律制度的构建上存在的问题，目的是为我国循环经济法制建设指明方向。

The text put stress upon formulizing the implication and essence of local legislation language, summarizing characteristics and demands of local legislation language, analyzing language material electing of local legislation language, generalizing formulation pattern of local legislation language, approaching lots of questions of local legislation language for the moment.

本文着重阐述了地方立法语言的含义和本质，概括了地方立法语言的特征及要求，分析了地方立法语言的语料选取，总结了地方立法语言的表述模式，探讨了目前地方立法语言存在的本质和非本质问题，并提出了解决问题的主客观途径。

The boundary being in progress first to the concept subleasing to fixes the main body of a book , compares with to renting right ceding to waiting for the close concept to carry out analysis again , lists and then the comparison carrying out concrete analysis in every country to the legislation pattern and legislation reason subleasing behavior, and to the advantages and disadvantages that lower be unlike legislation pattern be subleased to stipulates; After the secondary , the main body of a book emphasizing the character having analysed a leasehold, have set forth the effect and law consequence subleasing a contract under agreement subleases to and subleases to presumptuously situation respectively , have assumed and parallel comparatively detailed analysis , have discussed problem such as often arousing some problem of dispute in subleasing process , how to handling if the building is subleased to if time of middle lessee enjoy the right of preemption and the lessor , the dispute that the lessee and time of lessee produce because of the fitting up responds to and; Final, the main body of a book have pointed out nowadays"s defect and deficiency about the legal system aspect subleasing to , have set forth and the advantage adopting the liberalism legislation pattern, the conclusion, joins the tendentiousness reaching the liberalism pattern ultimately according with a contract of lease of property function effect more having submitted the suggestion and tentative plan stipulating a few"s to perfect current laws.

本文首先对转租的概念进行界定，再与租赁权让与等相近概念进行分析比较，然后列举各国对转租行为的立法模式及立法理由，并对不同立法模式下的转租规定的利弊进行具体分析比较；其次，本文在着重分析了租赁权的性质后，分别阐述了在同意转租和擅自转租情况下转租合同的效力及法律后果，并作了比较详细的比较分析，并探讨了在转租过程中经常引起争议的一些问题，如房屋转租中次承租人是否享有优先购买权及出租人、承租人与次承租人因装修产生的纠纷应如何处理等问题；最后，本文指出了现今关于转租的法律制度方面的缺陷和不足，并阐述了采取自由主义立法模式的优势，最终得出自由主义模式更符合租赁合同的功能作用的倾向性结论，并提出了对完善现行法律规定一些的建议和设想。

The absorption and distribution of chromium were studied in ryeusing nutrient culture technique and pot experiment.

采用不同浓度K2CrO4(0，0.4，0.8和1.2 mmol/L)的Hoagland营养液处理黑麦幼苗，测定铬在黑麦体内的亚细胞分布、铬化学形态及不同部位的积累。

By analyzing theory foundation of mathematical morphology in the digital image processing, researching morphology arithmetic of the binary Image, discussing two basic forms for the least structure element: dilation and erosion.

通过分析数学形态学在图像中的理论基础，研究二值图像的形态分析算法，探讨最小结构元素的两种基本形态：膨胀和腐蚀；分析了数学形态学复杂算法的基本原理，把数学形态学的部分并行处理理念引入到家实际应用中。