查询词典 legal action

B Benefit and detriment Historically, the mon law action of debt was said to require a quid pro quo, and that requirement may have led to statements that consideration must be a benefit to the promisor But contracts were enforced in the mon-law action of assumpsit without any such requirement; in actions of assumpsit the emphasis was rather on the harm to the promisee, and detrimental reliance on a promise may still be the basis of contractual relief See 90 But reliance is not essential to the formation of a bargain, and remedies for breach have long been given in cases of exchange of promise for promise where neither party has begun to perform Today when it is said that consideration must involve a detriment to the promisee, the supposed requirement is often qualified by a statement that a "legal detriment" is sufficient even though there is no economic detriment or other actual loss It is more realistic to say simply that there is no requirement of detriment

b收益和损害。从历史来看，普通法上的债的行为被认为要求一个等价物，而且这一要求还可能导出这样的结论：约因必须是允诺人获益。但在缺乏这一要求的契约在普通法上的违约之诉中仍然得到执行；在违约之诉中，强调的是对受允诺人的损害，而且对允诺的有害依赖可能仍然是契约救济的基础。参见第90条。但是信赖对协商的成立并非必要性因素，而且在任何一方当事人均未开始履行的允诺交换允诺的案例中，早已规定了违约救济。现在，当有人认为约因必须包括一个对于受允诺人的损害时，其假设的要求经常由此表述得以满足："一个"法律上的损害即使在没有经济损害或者其他实际损失的情况下仍然是充分的。认为没有对于损害的要求的主张是更加现实的。

The legal responsibilities for uniform action to limit competition are not stipulated completely, strictly and carefully. The research on the uniform action to limit competition is not thorough or profound.

正因为联合限制竞争行为具有这样严重的社会危害性，所以在当今西方市场经济国家，联合限制竞争行为普遍地遭到法律的严格控制和禁止。

As a matter of law in the absence of any agreement to the contrary, the publication of the average statement settled nothing; it had no other legal effect than as an expression of opinion by a professional man as to what were the appropriate sums payable to one another by the various parties interested in ship and cargo; it was just not capable of giving rise to any fresh cause of action or of postponing the accrual of an existing cause of action for an unliquidated sum.

作为法律的事情，在没有任何协议的情况下，该刊物的平均声明没有解决；它没有其他法律效力，只是作为一种表达意见，以专业的男子是什么人适当的款项支付给另一个人的各种兴趣船舶和货物；实在没能引起任何新鲜事业的行动或推迟计现有诉讼清偿的款项。

The study of the civil res judicate question appears in the present Chinese legal science domain particularly strikingly. As the civil action theorys important constituent, the theory itself needs perfecting, but the voice of reform on the retrial system in civil action makes this system on the rise.

作为民事诉讼理论的重要组成部分，民事既判力理论完善本身的研究是其一，而关于民事诉讼中再审制度的改革呼声，应该是引起这一制度研究方兴未艾的最直接动力。

Administration by law is a main principle that public power must abide by in the governance of public affairs, which demands that administration action be executed by legal authorization and proper process and that government should take up the responsibility for unlegal action.

依法行政是法治对行政权的基本要求，是各国政府行使行政权力和公共权力管理社会公共事务必须遵循的基本原则。

Hijacking by any other means the action which transgresses volition of legal manipulator, is not included in hijacking by violence and coercion, and make legal manipulator not k...

其他行为是指违背航空器合法控制人的意志且属于暴力、胁迫之外的，使航空器合法控制人不知反抗的行为。

Hijacking by any other means the action which transgresses volition of legal manipulator,is not included in hijacking by violence and coercion,and make legal manipulator not know rebellion.

其他行为是指违背航空器合法控制人的意志且属于暴力、胁迫之外的，使航空器合法控制人不知反抗的行为。

Function of legal consciousness refers to the function,action and influence oflegal consciousness on the whole legal cultural system and the social cultural sys-tem.

它关涉的是法律意识作为社会主体对社会法律现象的主观把握，对社会法制系统和社会整体文化体系所具有的渗透和整合力。

The legislative models of legal effect of limitation of action of producing right of defense is good in theory and logical,but in this model limitation of action can't play a full game in maintaining debt trust,and it is not accord with the...

抗辩权产生主义的立法模式在法律逻辑上可行，但难以充分发挥诉讼时效的债权信用保障功能，与诉讼时效的理论基础不完全吻合，仍然可能对交易安全构成伤害。

In this chapter,on the base of discussingcomprehensively the three subjects of the Adversary Principle,andcombining with the practice of the reform of the civil trial style,thewriter holds that the non-binding Adversary Principle that is beingpracticed for the time being in our country is not the Adversary Principleof its essence,and it should be changed to be the binding standard to boththe court and the parties.On this,the writer have given the followingdefinite suggestions:First,the parties' claim acts should be controlledunder the law,and cannot be exercised for the objectives of delaying theproceedings or raising the action cost,otherwise will suffer losing hisright,or will be punished economically;Second,in order to reflectthe fairness of the action,and prevent the delay of the process,in thecivil procedure field of our country the timely evidence producism shouldbe carried out and implemented,and the evidence-production deadlinesystem should also be set up.Furthermore,to the parties that produceevidence out of time,hewill be deprived of attack and defense,orwill be given certain economic sanctions; Third,scientific admissionsystem should be set up,and to the admission withdrawal or statementscontradictory to the admission,should give legal restrictions orprohibitions.

本章中，作者在全面论述辩论原则三大命题的基础上，结合我国民事审判方式改革的实践，认为我国目前推行的非约束性辩论原则并非本质意义上的辩论原则，应将其转变为对法院和当事人的约束性规范原则，并在此基础上提出了如下具体建议：第一，当事人主张行为应受法律控制，不得以拖延诉讼、增加诉讼成本等为目的予以实施，否则将遭受失权效或经济上的诉讼制裁；第二，为体现诉讼公平，防止诉讼迟延，在我国民事诉讼领域应当推行和贯彻证据的适时提出主义，设置具有法律后果的举证时效制度，并对当事人违反举证时效制度的提供证据行为采取或取消其攻击防御方法，或课以其一定经济性制裁的惩罚措施；第三，设定科学的自认制度，对撤销自认或与自认相抵触的陈述应给予法律上的限制或禁止。

Now, more and more people and volunteers go to disaster area to help people who are in trouble.

现在，越来越多的人们和志愿者到灾区帮助那些处于灾难的人们。

A traveling show; having sideshows and rides and games of skill etc..

一种游动的表演；具有杂耍和骑车和技能游戏。