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Ghana is an ancient country in sub-Sahara with old history of customary law culture,Ashanti once set up a very strong kingdom in modern history,therefore legal anthropologists and cultural historians pay great attention to the study of the traditional society and law of Ashanti.

加纳是黑非洲的一个古国，有悠久的习惯法文化，特别是阿散蒂人在近代历史上又曾建立过强大的王国，法人类学家和文化史学家因此高度重视阿散蒂传统社会与法律的研究。

The ashy behavior is regulated by potential rule that is a counterpart of statute law and customary law.

一个行为合法与否，可以由国家制定或民间形成的规则来评判，调整灰色行为的则是与制定法与习惯法相对应的潜规则。

The combination rule of the method satisfies commutative law and associative law, fully uses information of conflict evidences, and solves three kinds of problems appeared in conflict evidences combination process.

该组合方法满足结合律和交换律，充分利用冲突证据信息，解决了冲突证据组合中的三类问题。

So 2/4=1/2. Here we have used the associative law or the cancellation law for multiplication, which are satisfied for natural numbers, now we assume they are satisfied with fraction numbers.

2的数，所以2/4=1/2。这里我们用到了乘法结合律也可以用消去律，本来这些运算律是对正整数乘法适用的，但对于有分数参加的乘法我们也规定适用。

We cannot always have associative law for operations, for instance, we did not have this law for mixed addition and multiplication,neither for subtraction, 2+3 2+1≠(2+3)(2+1)=5 3,（2-3）- 2≠2-（3-2）,this is why we have to set the rule in operations that "doing inside bracket at first and out side afterwards, doing multiplication and dividing first and addition and subtraction afterwards".

注意运算的结合律并不是永远对的，比如加法和乘法的混合运算就没有结合律，减法也没有，2+3 2+1≠5 3，（2-3）- 2≠2-（3-2），因此我们运算中总是规定先括号内再括号外，先加减后乘除。

B Benefit and detriment Historically, the mon law action of debt was said to require a quid pro quo, and that requirement may have led to statements that consideration must be a benefit to the promisor But contracts were enforced in the mon-law action of assumpsit without any such requirement; in actions of assumpsit the emphasis was rather on the harm to the promisee, and detrimental reliance on a promise may still be the basis of contractual relief See 90 But reliance is not essential to the formation of a bargain, and remedies for breach have long been given in cases of exchange of promise for promise where neither party has begun to perform Today when it is said that consideration must involve a detriment to the promisee, the supposed requirement is often qualified by a statement that a "legal detriment" is sufficient even though there is no economic detriment or other actual loss It is more realistic to say simply that there is no requirement of detriment

b收益和损害。从历史来看，普通法上的债的行为被认为要求一个等价物，而且这一要求还可能导出这样的结论：约因必须是允诺人获益。但在缺乏这一要求的契约在普通法上的违约之诉中仍然得到执行；在违约之诉中，强调的是对受允诺人的损害，而且对允诺的有害依赖可能仍然是契约救济的基础。参见第90条。但是信赖对协商的成立并非必要性因素，而且在任何一方当事人均未开始履行的允诺交换允诺的案例中，早已规定了违约救济。现在，当有人认为约因必须包括一个对于受允诺人的损害时，其假设的要求经常由此表述得以满足："一个"法律上的损害即使在没有经济损害或者其他实际损失的情况下仍然是充分的。认为没有对于损害的要求的主张是更加现实的。

Under this atmospherics , economics, politics, and social cultures have been unexampledly changed and developed .As to whether the role of law that bound the global society and rules can establish the global law and consensus with the trend of globalization is the issue that worth concerned.

在此氛围之下，经济、政治与社会文化皆有突破性的发展及改变；至於维系全球社会与规范的法律角色，是否可能亦跟随著全球化的脚步，建立全球法律规范与共识，则属值得关注之课题。

Mechanistic—atomism,American property law;the idea of law;individual advantage;social benefit

机械一原子论；美国财产法；法理念；个人利益；社会利益

A No person shall be made subject to any law or punishment which was not in effect at the time of commission of an offense, nor shall the Legislature enact any bill of attainder or ex post facto law .

第二十一条：任何人不受实施侵权行为时尚未生效的法律或惩罚的约束，立法机关也不得颁布具有溯及力的法律。

Pass any Bill of Attainder, ex post facto Law, or Law impairing the Obligation of Contracts, or grant any Title of Nobility.

不得通过任何褫夺公权的法案、追溯既往的法律和损害契约义务的法律；也不得颁发任何贵族爵位。

According to the clear water experiment, aeration performance of the new equipment is good with high total oxygen transfer coefficient and oxygen utilization ratio.

曝气设备的动力效率在叶轮转速为120rpm～150rpm时取得最大值，此时氧利用率和充氧能力也具有较高值。

The environmental stability of that world - including its crushing pressures and icy darkness - means that some of its most famous inhabitants have survived for eons as evolutionary throwbacks, their bodies undergoing little change.

稳定的海底环境─包括能把人压扁的压力和冰冷的黑暗─意谓海底某些最知名的栖居生物已以演化返祖的样态活了万世，形体几无变化。