查询词典 law-making

This doue,the paper has further revealed the historical inevitability of the birth of economics of law and the feasibility of its application to China through the analysis of the process of the economics of law movement and its historical contexts .the author argued that the rationality and the condition of the practice of economics of lawin China lies in its congruence with the inherent law of the market economy,which makes it necessary for the economics of lawto be introduced into China.

笔者认为，法律经济学在中国发展的合理性和土壤在于它符合市场经济内在规律的要求，市场经济呼唤法律经济学在中国的运用和发展。

There are many ways and channels inwhich western legal culture influenced China,such as sending Chinesestudents to study western law abroad,giving lectures by western experts of lawin China,editing and translating western books of law,directly transplantingwestern law.

因此，经过一百多年的法制变革，完整形态的古代法律文化传统已不复存在。

Chapter Two illustrates the nature of the international guarantee.At first,the writer analyses the meaning of collateral nature and its theoretical basis.Thewriter points out that in order to reinforce the protection of the guarantor'sinterest,the guarantee is located as collateral guarantee in all countries'traditional legislation.In other words,the validity of the guarantee contract isdetermined by the underlying contract,i.e.if the underlying contract isestablished,the guarantee contract is established,too;if the underlying contract isvalid,and the guarantee contract is valid too.It is true,otherwise.But thedoctrine of autonomy of private law dominates the civil law and commercial lawin all the countries,so the parties are permitted to alter the collateral nature of theguarantee by an agreement under the related laws worldwide.so the collateralnature of the guarantee is not the compulsory nature of the law.This lays a solidfoundation for the emerging of the independent guarantee.The writer thenanalyses the meaning of independence and the cause of the booming of theindependent guarantee.In fact,the independent guarantee was originated fromthe change of the collateral nature by the parties contract.As a result,the validityof the contract of independent guarantee is not determined by the underlyingcontract as the collateral guarantee,But the validity of the independent guaranteecontract is independent from the underlying contract,the establishment and thevalidity of the contract of independent guarantee are not subjected to theunderlying contract.

第二章对国际信用担保的法律属性进行了论述，首先分析了从属性的含义及其理论基础，指出虽然各国传统立法为了加强对保证人利益的保护，都将信用担保定位于从属保证，即保证合同的效力取决于主合同的效力，主合同成立，保证合同也成立，主合同生效，保证合同也生效；主合同不成立，保证合同也不成立，主合同不生效，保证合同也不生效，但是由于私法自治的精神主导着各国的民商法领域，各国立法都允许当事人通过合同约定对信用担保的从属性进行改变，所以保证的从属性从来就不是信用担保制度的法律强制属性，这也为独立保证制度的出现奠定了制度前提；其次分析了独立性的含义以及独立保证兴起的原因，独立保证实际上就是当事人通过合同约定对保证从属性的改变，使独立保证合同的效力不再象从属保证合同的效力那样取决于主合同的效力，而是使独立保证合同的效力独立于主合同的效力，独立保证合同成立不因主合同的不成立而受影响，也不因主合同的无效而无效。

It has been a committed principle by most of Western legists and philosophers of law that procedures in the rule of law should be one of presuppositions for pushing on the rule of law.

法治的程序化是保证法治得以推行和延续的前提，这是西方法学家以及法哲学家基本公认的原则。

At last, by analyzing the similarities and differences of legislation and judicature systems concerned of foreign country, the article discusses some good defense countermeasure that we should adopt by drawing lessons from the foreign country. Later it analyses providing concerned about criminal law, civil law, maritime law which are related to crime of cheat on L/C and points out the defects our legal system. Following that, it puts forward concrete proposal of legislation and judicature on proposal of legislation and judicature on improving legal system and taking strong measures against the behavior of crime of cheat on L/C. At last the article discusses the way to solve the self梥aving measures that every party should adopt and the concrete measurers that international organization uses to defense against cheat of L/C.

通过对西方国家有关信用证欺诈及其犯罪的立法、司法制度的比较分析，论述我国应该借鉴外国一些有益的防治措施，对我国的刑法、民法、海商法等涉及信用证欺诈的相关规定进行剖析，指出我国信用证欺诈方面法制的不健全之处，对完善我国信用证欺诈的法律体系与打击信用证欺诈犯罪行为提出具体的立法、司法建议；同时探讨信用证欺诈在法律冲突时的解决办法以及各方当事人应该采取的自力性救济措施和国际组织在防治信用证欺诈方面的具体措施。

The traditional measurement methods such as stereoscopic law, Molls stripe law, grating cubic chart law and so on need expensive equipment and well-trained special technical staff, and they have long measurement cycle and low measurement efficiency. These shortcomings make the traditional contact measurement method hinder its wide application.

传统的自由曲面主要采用接触式测量方法，如体视法、莫尔条纹法、光栅立体图法等，这些方法需要昂贵的仪器设备和训练有素的专门技术人员，而且测量周期长、效率低，这些缺点使得传统的接触式测量方法的发展受到了限制。

The traditional measure methods such as stereoscopic law, Molls stripe law, grating cubic chart law etc. need expensive equipment and well-trained special technical staff, and long measuring cycle, low measuring efficiency, these shortcomings make the traditional contact-type measurement method hinder the wide application that is measured.

传统的测量方法如体视法、莫尔条纹法、光栅立体图法等需要昂贵的仪器设备和训练有素的专门技术人员，而且测量周期长、效率低，这些缺点使得传统的测量方法阻碍了自由曲面测量的广泛应用。

With the distinction between "internationalization" and "globalization" as a referential test, it can be said that advocates against "globalization of law" and the "hyperglobalizers" among researchers with a positive attitude towards it are actually in the same level of "legal monists" related to "denationalization"; the difference between the two groups of scholars lies in the fact that the former hold a monist view of state law while the latter that of non-state law.

以&国际化&与&全球化&的区分为参照性判准，可以发现，&反法律全球化&论者与对&法律全球化&持肯定态度中的&唯法律全球化&论者其实都处在同&去国家化&相关的&法律一元论&这一层面上，只不过前者主张的是&国家法律一元论&，而后者主张的是&非国家法律一元论&。

The provision in Food Safety Law that law-breakers are responsible only for food which don't reach fond safety criterion goes against consumers' protection and violaters' punishment. The compensation standard set in Fond Safety Law is so low that the functions of punitive damages cannot be on the full play. We should adopt comprehensive standard in consideration of concrete situations, in stead of fixed amount of ten times of fond price.

食品安全法》中规定以生产或销售不符合食品安全标准的食品作为适用惩罚性赔偿的前提不利于对消费者的保护和对违法者的惩罚；并且惩罚性赔偿标准偏低，并不能使惩罚性赔偿的多重功能得到完全释放，不应以食品价金来确定赔偿标准，应根据具体情况采取综合性标准来确定具体的赔偿数额。

Where a law provides for the supervision and management of a product, such a law shall apply; where a law does not provide or provides unclearly for the supervision and management of a product, these Rules shall apply.

对产品安全监督管理，法律有规定的，适用法律规定；法律没有规定或者规定不明确的，适用本规定。

I am accused of being overreligious," she said in her quiet, frank manner,"but that does not prevent me thinking the children very cruel who obstinately commit such suicide.""

客人们在卡罗利娜·埃凯家里，举止就文雅一些，因为卡罗利娜的母亲治家很严厉。

Designed by French fashion house Herm è s, this elegant uniform was manufactured in our home, Hong Kong, and was the first without a hat.

由著名品牌 Herm è s 设计，这件高贵的制服是香港本土制造，是我们第一套不配帽子的制服。