查询词典 law-making

Amended Criminal Law reduced the confines of subject of malfeasance and exposed disadvantages of legislation at the same time:(1) caused conflict between criminal substantive law and procedural law;(2) the arm of the law could not be severe;(3) caused perplexity in judicial practice and judicial interpretation exceeding authority because of ambiguity and inexactitude of legislation.

修订后的我国刑法缩小了渎职罪的主体范围，却暴露出其立法缺陷：1 刑事实体法与程序法相互冲突；2 刑事法网不严；3 立法不明确、不准确造成实践中的困惑，致使司法机关越权解释。

The inflicter can only receives the penalty in the criminal law and the administrative law domain, but victim while the body and the spirit receive the violation, but must endure social and the family pressure, the withstanding pain refers to the card inflicter's delinquent account in every way, on the one hand "the public law" the domain "the spirit loses" does not give the compensation; On the other hand "the civil law" domain not concrete method may depend on.

加害者只能在刑法和行政法领域受到惩罚，而受害者在身体和精神受到侵害的同时，还要忍着社会和家庭的压力，承受多方痛苦来指证加害者的犯罪事实，一方面"公法"领域"精神损失"不予赔偿；另一方面"私法"领域无具体法可依。

This paper expounds the background of Marriage Law reform and legal principle and ethic value reflected by the contents revised in the law. While acknowledging that the amendments as a whole is only a partial one, some additional advice and suggestions were put forward with an aim to certify the inhesion value of the Law, which, in a way, can be call the "legalized ethnics" or "ethicalized law", hoping this can act as a salutary reference and lesson for further improvement.

本文从理论与实践相结合的角度，对《婚姻法》改革的背景及其所修改内容的内部层面所反映的法理、伦理价值展开论述，并在充分认识此次修改只是一个局部性修改的基础上，对《婚姻法》提出一些补充和完善的建议，以此来说明这部既可以称之为"法律化的道德"，也可以称之为"道德化的法律"的《婚姻法》的价值内涵，以期能对《婚姻法》的进一步完善提供有益的参考和借鉴。

Three is it can intelligibly clear the relations between the academic significance economic law and civil law, administrative law, criminal law and so on other legal departments.

三是明确了学术意义上的经济法的与民商法、行政法、刑法等其他法律部门的关系。

Civil Society ; Political state ; Civil law ; Interfluve between public and private law ; Economic state ; Economic law ; Interject of public and private law ; Reform of public management

市民社会；政治国家；民法；公私法分野；经济国家；经济法；公私法融合；公共管理改革

On the basis of the homogeneity of commercial law, this paper expatiates on the causes and the tendency of internationalization of commercial law, and draws a conclusion that, with increasingly globalization of the market economy, commercial law naturally posses the characteristic of convergence. Faced with this orientation, our legislation in commercial law is supposed to hold internationality in priority, and concurrently the reality of our preliminary market economic stage is considered.

在阐述各国商法所具有同质性的基础上，以商法的国际化为例对商法国际化的原因、发展趋势等问题进行思考，得出随着市场经济的日益复杂和全球化，商法的趋同化成为未来商法发展的必然趋势，最后论述了中国的商事立法应面对这种现实，在商事立法中坚持国际性优先，兼顾处于市场经济初级阶段的实际的立法对策问题。

Chinese company law could be improved through unification of legal norms, clarification of the meaning of terms, and supplement of correlative regulations; Modeling on German and Japanese law, limited norms should be adopted for the object of right to address inquiries. Chinese company law should re-locate the object of right to address inquiries to matters related to topics of general meeting of shareholders. Objective standard should be adopted. Third, by incorporating elements such as beforehand written inquiry, Chinese company law could be further perfected in the area of time, venue, representation and reproduction of right of access to documents. This is a conclusion based on thorough research and summary of practice of various countries. Fourth, the author pointed out the international trend of relaxation of objective limits and specification of subjective limits, and proposed the standards for limitation and the distribution principle of inversion of burden of proof.

以德国、日本法为例，说明质询权客体原则上采限制规范，建议我国公司法可将质询权客体重新定位为与股东会会议议题有关的事项，且判断的标准采客观标准；第三，通过对各国及各地区立法行使方式的具体规范进行总结，认为我国公司法可从时间、地点、代理、复制等方面对查阅权行使方式进行完善，引入事前书面质询、设立说明义务免除等制度对质询权行使方式进行构建，使具体制度更具可操作性；第四，根据各国及各地区立法客观性条件限制逐渐放宽及主观性条件限制更加具体的趋势，结合我国公司法规定，对客观条件限制进行了探讨和设定，提出主观条件限制概括加列举的立法模式及举证责任倒置的分配原则。

Besides,the modern crisis of law in western has revelation to the modernization of law in our country. How to avoid the modern crisis of law in the process of modernization of law is a big problem for every Chinese jurisprudent.

而西方出现的法律现代性危机对我国的法制现代化进程同样具有重要的启示意义，如何在法制现代化进程中避免法律的现代性危机，开辟一条适合中国的法制之路，是每个中国法律学者都不能不思考的现实问题。

Therefore, lords of the Mongolian tribes formulated some quite famous local laws and regulations such as Khalkha Jirum, Wulanhaqirtu Law, Alsha Mongolian law and some articles in the book of Mongolian Files and documents in 17th century (1600-1650), Law text of Huhhot and Huhnuur Mongolian meeting law etc.

因此，蒙古各部一些大的封建主单独或者联合制定了一些地方性法规，其中比较有名的有《喀尔喀吉如姆》、《乌兰哈其尔图法规》、《阿拉善蒙古律例》、《十七世纪蒙古文文书档案(1600～1650)》中的法律条文、《有关呼和浩特法律文档》及《青海蒙古会盟法典》之类各盟旗会盟法典等。

In the Civil Law Family,the collateral guarantor'srights of defense mainly are related to the invalidity of the underlying contract,the revocability of the underlying contract,the right of offset,the concurrentconditions,"Einrede der Unsicherkei",the invalidity of the guarantee contract.the period of validity,the special terms of immunity from the guarantor's liabilityand beneficiam excussionis.Under the case law of the Common Law Family,thesituations in which the collateral guarantor can claim the rights of defense mainlyinclude the situation of non-fulfillment of the guarantee condition,the situationrelated to the extent of guarantor's liability,the situation under which the creditordidn't perform his obligations,the situation related to the appropriation ofpayments,the situations related to fulfillment of purpose of guarantee,thesituation related to the creditor's laches,the situation related to the loss ofsecurities held by the creditor,the situation related to the discharge of theprincipal debtor,the situation related to the creditor connivance in the default ofthe principal,the situation related to the discharge arising by operation of law andthe situation related to the fiduciary duty.

大陆法系中，从属保证人对债权人的抗辩权主要有：主债务无效抗辩权、主债务可撤销抗辩权、抵销抗辩权、同时履行抗辩权、不安抗辩权、保证合同无效抗辩权、保证期间抗辩权、特殊免责抗辩权以及先诉抗辩权等；根据英美法系国家的判例法，从属保证人能够主张抗辩权的情形主要有：保证责任条件不成就的抗辩、关于保证责任范围的抗辩、债权人不履行义务的抗辩、关于债务清偿分配的抗辩、保证目的已实现的抗辩、关于债权人懈怠的抗辩、关于债权人享有的担保权益丧失的抗辩、债务人的债务免除抗辩、债权人对债务人违约纵容的抗辩、法律适用导致保证责任解除的抗辩、就信托义务原则提出的抗辩。

Lugalbanda was a god and shepherd king of Uruk where he was worshipped for over a thousand years.

Lugalbanda 是神和被崇拜了一千年多 Uruk古埃及喜克索王朝国王。

I am coming just now,' and went on perfuming himself with Hunut, then he came and sat.

我来只是现在，'歼灭战perfuming自己与胡努特，那麼，他来到和SAT 。