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P. vulgaris: 30℃: The compages of SA 150 mg·L~(-1 and CaCl_2 1500 mg·L~(-1 can increase plant"s heat-resistance observably.32℃: Using SA only 200 mg·L~(-1 can increase plant"s heat-resistance observably.34℃: Using SA only 150 mg·L~(-1 can increase plant"s heat-resistance observably. 36℃: The compages of SA 150 mg·L~(-1 and CaCl_2 500 mg·L~(-1 can increase plant"s heat-resistance observably. 38℃: The compages of SA 150 mg·L~(-1 and CaCl_ 1000 mg·L~(-1 can increase plants heat-resistance observably.

欧报春：30℃：150 mg·L~(-1)的SA和1500mg·L~(-1)的CaCl_2的组合对于提高欧报春的耐热性最好；32℃：单一施用200 mg·L~(-1)的SA达到的效果最好，效果最弱的是单一施用500 mg·L~(-1)的CaCl_2；34℃：单一施用150mg·L~(-1)的SA的效果最强，混合施用200 mg·L~(-1)的SA和500 mg·L~(-1)的CaCl_2的效果次之，单一施用1000 mg·L~(-1)的CaCl_2的效果最弱；36℃：混合施用150 mg·L~(-1)的SA和500 mg·L~(-1)的CaCl_2对于欧报春耐热性的提高效果最好，而单一施用100 mg·L~(-1)的SA的效果最弱；38℃：150 mg·L~(-1)的SA和1000 mg·L~(-1)的CaCl_2混合施用能有效提高欧报春的耐热性，单一施用50 mg·L~(-1)的SA的效果最较弱。

Obconica were always higher than that of P. vulgaris. In the experiments of medicament treatment Membership Function was introduced to have a comprehensive evaluation on heat-resistance of P. obconica and P. vulgaris under five levels of fixed temperature. The results were as follows: P. obconica 30℃: The compages of SA 150 mg·L~(-1 and CaCl_21500 mg·L~(-1 can increase plant"s heat-resistance observably. 32℃: Using SA only 200 mg·L~(-1 can increase plant"s heat-resistance observably.34℃: The compages of SA 50mg·L~(-1 and CaCl_21500 mg·L~(-1 can increase plant"s heat-resistance observably.36℃: The compages of SA 50 mg·L~(-1 and CaCl_22000 mg·L~(-1 can increase plant"s heat-resistance observably.38℃: The compages of SA 150 mg·L~(-1 and CaCl_21000 mg·L~(-1 can increase plants heat-resistance observably.

运用隶属函数法对经过药物处理的两种报春进行综合评价，得出五个温度条件下各处理间耐热性的强弱，四季报春：30℃：150 mg·L~(-1)的SA和1 500 mg·L~(-1)的CaCl_2的组合对于提高四季报春的耐热性最好，其次是100 mg·L~(-1)的SA和1000 mg·L~(-1)的CaCl_2的组合处理；32℃：单一施用200 mg·L~(-1)的SA达到了最好的效果，其次是施用100 mg·L~(-1)的SA和1500 mg·L~(-1)的CaCl_2的组合，效果最弱的是单一施用500 mg·L~(-1)的CaCl_2；34℃：混合施用50 mg·L~(-1)的SA和1500 mg·L~(-1)的CaCl_2对于提高四季报春的耐热性效果最好；36 ℃：混合施用50 mg·L~(-1)的SA和2000 mg·L~(-1)的CaCl_2对于四季报春耐热性的提高效果最好，而单一施用100 mg·L~(-1)的SA的效果最弱；38℃：150 mg·L~(-1)的SA和1000 mg·L~(-1)的CaCl_2混合施用能有效提高四季报春的耐热性。

The production medium was optimized both by "one-variable-at-a-time" approach and the statistical methods based on Response Surface Method. The optimized medium composition was as follows: soluble starch 65.45 g/L, glucose 9.30 g/L, soybean flour 10 g/L, peptone 5 g/L, fish flour 10 g/L, yeast extract 3 g/L,(NH_4)SO_4 1.5 g/L, MgSO_4·7H_2O 4.93 g/L, KH_2PO_4 0.2 g/L, NaNO_3 0.75 g/L, CaCO_

通过单因素试验和以响应面为主的统计学方法对发酵培养基进行了优化，优化后的发酵培养基组成为：可溶性淀粉65.45g／L，葡萄糖9.30g／L，豆饼粉10g／L，蛋白胨5g／L，鱼粉10 g／L，酵母粉3 g／L，(NH_4)_2SO_4 1.5g／L，MgSO_4·7H_2O 4.93g／L，KH_2PO_4 0.2g／L，NaNO_30.75g／L，CaCO_34g／L。

The results showed that callus started forming at root segments from buds of potato cultivar: Ingush No.5 and Ingush No.8 in greenhouse cultured 45d after placement on culture medium: MS+2,4-D 2mg/L+BAP 3mg/L+NAA 0.5mg/L+sucrose 30g/L+agar 7g/L and diffused light.

结果表明，青薯5号和青薯8号温室生长幼芽根组织接种MS+2，4-D 2mg/L+BAP 3mg/L+NAA 0.5mg/L+蔗糖30g/L+琼脂7g/L培养基上散光条件下培养45~90d产生愈伤组织，诱导率为0.024%；青薯5号愈伤组织接种1/2MS+2，4-D 0.5mg/L+BAP 2mg/L+KT 2mg/L+GA30.5mg/L+ZT0.2mg/L+蔗糖20g/L+琼脂7g/L培养基上培养80d分化出再生植株，分化率为6.25%，再生植株切成一叶茎段接种于MS+BAP 0.1mg/L+IAA 10mg/L+GA30.1mg/L+白糖30g/L+琼脂6g/L培养基上培养3周长成株高8~10 cm、叶7~10片、叶色深绿和根系发达的小植株。

B Of the six basic media MS, MS1/2 (half-strength of MS salts and vitamins), WPM, DKW, B5 and SH, MS1/2 was the most proper one to induce somatic embryos. Somatic embryos generally regenerated directly from excised zygotic cotyledons. PGRs combination affected somatic embryogenesis significantly. Medium with NAA 1mg/L, TDZ 0.05mg/L, IBA 2—10mg/L combined with BA 10mg/L, or IBA 10mg/L integrated with BA 0-2mg/L gave the highest induction rate. Excised zygotic hypocotyls had the strongest potential to produce callus. Callus induction was also affected significantly by media and PGRs. The proper callus induction condition was MS1/2 medium containing NAA 1mg/L, IBA 10mg/L, BA 2-5mg/L and TDZ 0.05mg/L. Harvest period affect somatic embryogenesis significantly. Zygotic embryo explants collected from the end of July to the middle of August had strong potential to generate somatic embryos, when endosperm finished solidification, different parts of the embryos were completely formed, the size of embryos occupied about 2/3 of the embryo sac. Provided with optimized conditions, direct somatic embryogenesis rate can attain to 33. 68%, and callus induction rate of hypocotyls was up to 90.7%. Cytological observation on megasporogenesis and zygotic embryogenesis of Manchurian ash showed that the ovary was twicarpellum, twilocular with two ovules each loculus. The ovule was tenuinucellar and anatropous, with one megasporcocyte. The development of embryo sac is of the Polygoum type.

体细胞胚胎发生研究的结果表明：(1)成熟过程中的合子胚是诱导水曲柳体细胞胚胎发生的最佳外植体材料；(2)在所试验到的MS、MS1/2（将MS的所有成分均减半）、WPM、DKW、B〓、SH等六种基本培养基中，MS1/2是最适合诱导水曲柳体细胞胚胎发生的基本培养基；(3)水曲柳的体细胞胚胎发生以直接发生为主，体细胞胚主要来自于从合子胚分离的完整子叶；(4)培养基中的激素组合对水曲柳的体细胞胚胎发生有显著影响，诱导直接体细胞胚发生较好的激素组合有NAA 1mg/L+IBA 2，5，10mg/L+BA 10mg/L+TDZ 0.05mg/L和NAA 1mg/L+IBA 10mg/L+BA 0，2mg/L+TDZ 0.05mg/L；(5)合子胚分离的下胚轴具有最强的愈伤组织诱导潜力，少数愈伤组织可以分化出体细胞胚；(6)愈伤组织的诱导也受培养基和激素配比的显著影响，最适宜诱导的培养条件为MS1/2+NAA 1mg/L+IBA 10mg/L+BA 2，5mg/L+TDZ0.05mg/L；(7)采种时间对体细胞胚胎发生有显著影响。7月末到8月中旬的合子胚具有较强的体细胞胚发生潜力，此时种子尚未成熟，胚乳已呈固态，种胚的各个部分已分化完全，种胚体积占胚腔的大约2/3；(8)在各自综合的最适条件下，完整子叶的体细胞胚诱导率可达33.68%，下胚轴的愈伤组织诱导率可达90.7%。

It is indicated that the 13 species of the genus Lycoris were divided into two groups, and five species of the genus including L.rosea ﹑ L.haywardii、L.straminea、L.sprengeri and L.radiata with monotype karyotypes (1-shaped) were clustered together respectively. The basic chromosome number was x=11. The others which have two-types karyotypes (I-shaped and V-shaped ) were clustered together respectively. They were L.houdyshe lii, L.albiflora, L.chinensis,L.longituba,L.anhuiensis,L.squmigera,L.caldwellii and L.aurea . The closest relationship was between L.rosea and L.haywardii.

结果表明：石蒜属13个种明显聚为两大类，即具有单型核型结构、染色体基数为x=11的5个物种：玫瑰石蒜 L.rosea 、红蓝石蒜 L.haywardii 、稻草石蒜 L.straminea 、换锦花 L.sprengeri 和石蒜 L.radiata 聚为一类；具有两型核型结构8个物种即江苏石蒜 L.houdyshelii 、乳白石蒜 L.albiflora 、中国石蒜 L.chinensis 、长筒石蒜 L.longituba 、安徽石蒜 L.anhuiensis 、夏水仙 L.squmigera 、短蕊石蒜 L.caldwellii 和忽地笑 L.aurea 聚为一类。

Culture tender leaves in culture medium of MS+2,4-D1.5mg/L+30g/L suger+0.7% agar pH5.8 for 20 days in darkness at 25℃, and then subculture to induced Ⅱ-type calli. Use forceps cutting the tissue to nubble with 2mm2, and put the tissue into Agrodacterium tumefaciens LBA4404 liquid supplemented with AS 100mg/L,then, co-culture 3 days, resume 7 days in MS+2,4-D1.5mg/L+30g/L suger+500mg/L cef, take to MS+2,4-D1.5mg/L+30g/L suger+100mg/L cef+10.0mg/L kanamycin culture 20 days in darkness. After that to make it polarize in MS+30g/L suger+100mg/L cef+10.0mg/L km. The percentage of km resistant callus was reached max after infection for 45 min, the average is 29.66%. Simultaneity, tender leave callus are infected 5 min by A. tumefaciens liquid in different negative pressure, and kept on 15 min in Agrodacterium tumefaciens liquid without negative pressure. Then screen out resistant callus and obtain transgenic plants. When the negative pressure is -0.05MP the percentage of km resistant callus was reached max, the average rate is 37.5%.

将心叶接种于MS+2.4-D1.5mg/L+30g/L 蔗糖，琼脂0.7%，pH5.8 培养基中25℃暗培养20d 后继代一次，诱导产生Ⅱ型胚性愈伤组织，用镊子将其夹碎成2mm2大小的小块，置入添加100mg/L AS 的根癌农杆菌LBA4404 菌液中，侵染时间为45min，共培养3 天后，转入MS+2.4-D1.5mg/L+30g/L 蔗糖+500mg/L Cef 培养基中恢复7天，再转入MS+2.4-D1.5mg/L+30g/L 蔗糖+100mg/L Cef+10.0mg/L Km 中，遮光培养20d后，置入其MS+30g/L 蔗糖+100mg/L Cef+10.0mg/L Km 分化，卡那霉素抗性愈伤组织获得率在侵染45min 时达到最大值平均为29.66%；同时以甘蔗心叶愈伤组织材料，通过循环水式真空泵，产生负压，设定不同的负压值，在农杆菌菌液中感染5min 后，在负压条件下继续侵染15min 后，筛选出抗性愈伤组织并获得转化植株，其中在负压为-0.05 时转化率达到最大值，其卡那霉素抗性愈伤组织获得率平均为37.5%。

Results showed that B3(IBA+NAA, 300mg/L+300mg/L) was the best treatment in quantity and length of new roots, rate of radication and survival, distributing of roots length; Treatment B4(IBA+NAA, 500mg/L+500mg/L) took the second place; The following treatments in turn was D3 (NAA+VB1+cane sugar, 100mg/L+80mg/L+2%), D4(NAA+VB1+cane sugar, 300mg/L+80mg/L+2%), B2(IBA+NAA, 100mg/L+100mg/L), B1(IBA+NAA, 50mg/L+50mg/L).

结果表明：在生根数量，生根长度，根长分布及成活率和生根率上以处理B3(IBA+NAA，300mg/L+300mg/L)最好，其次是处理B4(IBA+NAA，500mg/L+500mg/L)。然后是处理D3（萘乙酸+维生素B1+蔗糖，100mg/L+80mg/L+2%）、D4（萘乙酸+维生素B1+蔗糖，300mg/L+80mg/L+2%）、B2(IBA+NAA，100mg/L+100mg/L)、B1(IBA+NAA，50mg/L+50mg/L)。

The concentrations of insulin are 0,10~(-9)mol/L, 10~(-8)mol/L, 10~(-7)mol/L; the concentrations of Sodium vandate are 0,10μmol/L,25μmol/L,50μmol/L; the concentrations of AG1024 are 0,1μmol/L, 10μmol/L, 100μmol/L; the concentrations of ursolic acid are 0, 10~(-7)mol/L,10~(-8)mol/L,10~(-9)mol/L.

胰岛素的浓度为0、10~(-9)mol／L、10~(-8)mol／L、10~(-7)mol／L；钒酸钠的浓度为0、10μmol／L、25μmol／L、50μmol／L；AG1024的浓度为0、1μmol／L、10μmol／L、100μmol／L；熊果酸的浓度为0、10~(-7)mol／L、10~(8)mol／L、10~(-9)mol／L。

The effects and mechanism of GABAergic neurons, NOergic neurons, opioid peptide and cyclic adenosine monophosphate in the nucleus reticularis thalami on sleep-wakefulness cycle of rats and the effects and mechanism of the 5-HTergic nerve fibers project from the nucleus raphes dorsalis to RT on sleep-wakefulness cycle of rats were investigated with the methods of brain stereotaxic, nucleus spile, microinjection and polysomngraphy.1. The effects of GABAergic neurons in RT on sleep-wakefulness cycle of rats1.1 Microinjection of 3-mercaptopropionic acid (3-MP, a kind of glutamate decarboxylase inhibitor) into RT. On the day of microinjection, sleep only decreased a litter. On the second day, sleep marked decreased and wakefulness marked increased. On the third and fourth day, sleep and wakefulness stages resumed to normal.1.2 Microinjection of gamma-amino butyric acid (GABA 1.0μg) into RT enhanced sleep and reduced wakefulness compared with control; while microinjection of L-glutamate (L-Glu, 0.2μg) decreased sleep and increased wakefulness; microinjection of bicuculline (BIC, 1.0μg), a GABAA receptor antagonist, enhanced wakefulness and reduced sleep; microinjection of baclofen (BAC, 1.0μg), GABAB receptor agonist, had the same effects as GABA.2. The effects of NOergic neurons in RT on sleep-wakefulness cycle of rats2.1 Microinjection of L-arginine (L-Arg, 0.5μg) into RT decreased sleep compared with control, but there were on statistaical difference between L-Arg group and control; while microinjection of sodium nitroprusside (SNP, 0.2μg), a NO donor into RT, sleep marked decreased and wakefulness marked increased. Microinjection of nitric oxide synthase inhibitor, N-nitro-L-arginine (L-NNA, 2.0μg) into RT enhanced sleep and reduced wakefulness.2.2 After simultaneous microinjection of L-NNA (2.0μg) and SNP (0.2μg) into RT, SNP abolished the sleep-promoting effect of L-NNA compared with L-NNA group; after simultaneous microinjection of L-NNA (2.0μg) and L-Arg(0.5μg) into RT, we found that L-NNA could not blocked the wakefulness-promoting effect of L-Arg.3. The effects of opioid peptide in RT on sleep-wakefulness cycle of rats3.1 Microinjection of morphine sulfate (MOR, 1.0μg) into RT increased wakefulness and decreased sleep compared with control; while microinjection of naloxone hydrochloride (NAL, 1.0μg), the antagonist of opiate receptors, into RT, enhanced sleep and reduced wakefulness.3.2 After simultaneous microinjection of MOR (1.0μg) and NAL (1.0μg) into RT, the wakefulness-promoting effect of MOR and the sleep-promoting effect of NAL were not observed compared with control.4. The effects of cAMP in RT on sleep-wakefulness cycle of rats Microinjection of cAMP (1.0μg) into RT increased sleep and decreased wakefulness compared with control; microinjection of methylene blue (MB,1.0μg) into RT enhanced sleep and reduced wakefulness compared with control.5. The effects of the 5-HTergic nerve fibers project from DRN to RT on sleep-wakefulness cycle of rats5.1 When L-Glu (0.2μg) was microinjected into DRN and normal sodium (NS,1.0μg) was microinjected into bilateral RT. We found that sleep was decreased and wakefulness was increased compared with control; when L-Glu (0.2μg) was microinjected into DRN and methysergide (MS,1.0μg), a non-selective 5-HT antagonist, was microinjected into bilateral RT, We found that sleep was enhanced and wakefulness was reduced compared with L-Glu group.5.2 When p-chlorophenylalanine (PCPA, 10μg) was microinjected into DRN and NS (1.0μg) was microinjected into bilateral RT, We found that sleep was increased and wakefulness was decreased compared with control; microinjection of 5-hydroxytryptaphan (5-HTP, 1.0μg), which can convert to 5-HT by the enzyme tryptophane hydroxylase and enhance 5-HT into bilateral RT, could block the effect of microinjection of PCPA into DRN on sleep-wakefulness cycle.

本研究采用脑立体定位、核团插管、微量注射、多导睡眠描记等方法，研究丘脑网状核(nucleus reticularis thalami，RT)中γ-氨基丁酸(gamma-amino butyric acid ，GABA)能神经元、一氧化氮(nitrogen monoxidum，NO)能神经元、阿片肽类神经递质、环一磷酸腺苷(cyclic adenosine monophosphate，cAMP)及中缝背核(nucleus raphes dorsalis，DRN)至RT的5-羟色胺(5-hydroxytryptamine，5-HT)能神经纤维投射对大鼠睡眠-觉醒周期的影响及其作用机制。1 RT内GABA能神经元对大鼠睡眠-觉醒周期的影响1.1大鼠RT内微量注射GABA合成关键酶抑制剂3-巯基丙酸(3-MP，5μg)，注射当天睡眠时间略有减少，第二日睡眠时间显著减少，觉醒时间明显增多，第三、四日睡眠和觉醒时间逐渐恢复至正常。1.2大鼠RT内微量注射GABA受体激动剂GABA( 1.0μg)后，与生理盐水组比较，睡眠时间增加，觉醒时间减少；而RT内微量注射L-谷氨酸(glutamic acid， L-Glu， 0.2μg)后，睡眠时间减少，觉醒时间增加；RT内微量注射GABAA受体阻断剂荷包牡丹碱(bicuculline，BIC，1.0μg)后，睡眠时间减少，觉醒时间增加；RT内微量注射GABAB受体激动剂氯苯氨丁酸(baclofen，BAC，1.0μg)后，产生了与GABA相似的促睡眠效果。2 RT内NO能神经元对大鼠睡眠-觉醒周期的影响2.1大鼠RT内微量注射NO的前体L-精氨酸(L-Arg，0.5μg)后，与生理盐水组对比，睡眠时间略有减少，但无显著性意义；而RT内微量注射NO的供体硝普钠(Sodium Nitroprusside，SNP，0.2μg)后可明显增加觉醒时间，缩短睡眠时间；微量注射一氧化氮合酶抑制剂L-硝基精氨酸(L-arginine，L-NNA，2.0μg)后，引起睡眠时间增多，觉醒时间减少。2.2大鼠RT内同时微量注射L-NNA(2.0μg)和SNP(0.2μg)后与L-NNA组比较发现SNP逆转了L-NNA的促睡眠作用；RT内同时微量注射L-NNA(2.0μg)和L-Arg(0.5μg)后，与L-NNA(2.0μg)组比较发现L-Arg可以增加觉醒而缩短睡眠，其促觉醒作用未能被NOS的抑制剂L-NNA所逆转。3 RT内阿片肽对大鼠睡眠-觉醒周期的影响3.1大鼠RT内微量注射硫酸吗啡(morphine sulfate，MOR，1.0μg)后与生理盐水组对比，睡眠时间减少而觉醒时间增加； RT内微量注射阿片肽受体拮抗剂盐酸纳洛酮(naloxone hydrochloride，NAL，1.0μg)后与生理盐水组比较，睡眠时间增加而觉醒时间减少。3.2大鼠RT内同时微量注射MOR(1.0μg)和NAL(1.0μg)后，与生理盐水组对比，原有的MOR促觉醒效果和NAL的促睡眠效果都没有表现。4 RT内环一磷酸腺苷信使对大鼠睡眠-觉醒周期的影响大鼠RT内微量注射cAMP(1.0μg)后与NS(1.0μg)组比较，睡眠时间增多而觉醒时间减少；RT内微量注射亚甲蓝(methylene blue，MB，1.0μg)后，与NS组比较，睡眠时间增多而觉醒时间减少。5中缝背核投射到丘脑网状核的5-羟色胺能神经纤维对大鼠睡眠-觉醒周期的影响5.1大鼠DRN内微量注射L-Glu(0.2μg)，同时在双侧RT内微量注射NS (1.0μg)后，与对照组(DRN和双侧RT注射NS， 0.2μg)比较，睡眠时间减少，觉醒时间增多；大鼠DRN内微量注射L-Glu(0.2μg)，同时在双侧RT内微量注射二甲基麦角新碱(methysergide， MS， 1.0μg )后，与对照组(DRN注射L-Glu 0.2μg，双侧RT注射NS 1.0μg)比较，睡眠时间增多，觉醒时间减少。5.2大鼠DRN内微量注射对氯苯丙氨酸(p-chlorophenylalanine，PCPA，10μg)，同时在双侧RT内微量注射NS (1.0μg)后，与对照组(DRN和双侧RT注射NS， 1.0μg)比较，睡眠时间增多，觉醒时间减少；大鼠DRN内微量注射PCPA(10μg)，产生睡眠增多效应后，在双侧RT内微量注射5-羟色胺酸(5-hydroxytryptaphan ， 5-HTP， 1.0μg )后，与对照组(DRN注射PCPA 10μg，双侧RT注射NS 1.0μg)比较，睡眠时间减少，觉醒时间增多。

The absorption and distribution of chromium were studied in ryeusing nutrient culture technique and pot experiment.

采用不同浓度K2CrO4(0，0.4，0.8和1.2 mmol/L)的Hoagland营养液处理黑麦幼苗，测定铬在黑麦体内的亚细胞分布、铬化学形态及不同部位的积累。

By analyzing theory foundation of mathematical morphology in the digital image processing, researching morphology arithmetic of the binary Image, discussing two basic forms for the least structure element: dilation and erosion.

通过分析数学形态学在图像中的理论基础，研究二值图像的形态分析算法，探讨最小结构元素的两种基本形态：膨胀和腐蚀；分析了数学形态学复杂算法的基本原理，把数学形态学的部分并行处理理念引入到家实际应用中。