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To make the constant in the interpolation error independent of element size,the ratio of the diameter of the element and the diameter of the biggest ball contained in the element,is uniformly bounded.

传统的有限元方法误差估计需要满足正则性条件或非退化条件，即：单元的直径和单元的最大内切圆直径的比值是一致有界的。

The main contents include: Some preliminary theory (introduction to Sobolev spaces and variational formulations for differential equations); finite element methods for one-dimensional elliptic problems; the construction methods for general finite elements; error estimates for interpolation operators and inverse inequalities for finite element spaces; a priori and a posteriori error estimates for the finite element method for high-dimensional elliptic problems; some typical spectral methods for partial differential equations; error analysis for the spectral approximation for some linear and nonlinear partial differential equations.

主要内容有：准备知识（Sobolev空间的基本概念和主要结果，微分方程的变分描述）；一维椭圆型方程有限元方法；一般有限元的构造；插值算子误差估计和逆不等式；高维椭圆型方程的先验、后验误差估计；求解偏微分方程的几类谱方法；线性与非线性问题谱逼近的误差分析等。

Two special cases are discussed: flow due to a constant pressure gradient and flow due to a periodic one; In chapter 4, on the basis of the method of fractional element proposed by Schiessel et al and of the generalized fractional element networks proposed by Xu and Tan and by the use of discretization method for solving the inverse Laplace transform, we obtain the creep compliance of Zener and Poynting-Thomson models which are composed of the generalized fractional element networks.

并讨论了如下两种特殊情形：常压力梯度下的流动和周期性压力梯度下的流动；第四章在Schiessel等提出的分数阶单元法和徐明瑜等提出的广义分数阶单元网络的基础上，应用离散求逆Laplace变换的方法，给出并讨论了广义分数阶单元网络Zener和Poynting-Thomson模型的蠕变柔量。

In 1999, Nicholson further introduced the concept of strong clean rings as follows: A ring R is said to be strongly clean if every element of R is the sum of an idempotent element and an invertible element that commute with each other.

W.K.Nicholson进一步引入了强clean 环的定义：一个环R 被称为强clean环，如果R中的任意一个元素均可以表示成一个幂等元和一个单位和的形式，并且幂等元和单位可换。

When a put call is made for a new element (and assuming that the max limit is reached) the element with least number of hits, the Less Frequently Used element, is evicted.

当为一个新对象调用put（假定已经到了最大对象的限制），最少命中的对象，最少使用的对象被移出。

Two nonlinear macro elements including beam-column element and wall element are established, fiber model is used for section analysis of element.

采用两种非线性宏观单元―梁柱单元和墙单元，单元截面分析采用纤维模型。

If wanted to cube each element in the matrix, just use the element-by-element cubing.

如果想每个立方体中的矩阵元，只需要使用元素的元素刺。

Prepared by the three-dimensional finite element beam element of the element stiffness matrix calculation program, the 6-DOF nodes.

用matlab编写的，有限元三维梁单元的单元刚度矩阵计算程序，各节点6个自由度。

At first step, the processor before the deformable body contact the end face of cone die cavity regarded as an extrusion process. The minification of core boss's cross-section regarded as compressibility of direct extrusion, which acted as definition factor when construct the Direct Extrusion Model element. Another step, the model element of flat punch extrusion on wedge piece process was constructed when propose the process of deformable body overflow die corner. In this way the spherical end face of blank looked as cone end face one, t he approximate treatment is one of originality innovation in this paper. At last, the two elements have been connected and constructed the model element of cone boss part's deformation in the open die forging.

对于锥形凸台成形的第一个特征时段，即坯料和锥形凸台型腔的端面接触之前的变形过程，本文将凸台的截面缩小率转换成挤压成形的压缩率并以此为界定，建立了不同截面缩小率时的锥形模正挤压的模型单元；对于锥形凸台成形的第二特征时段即锥形模的角部充满过程，在详细考察锥形型腔端面对变形过程影响的基础上，将变形体的球形端面近似成锥面建立了平冲头挤压楔形体的模型单元；最后将前述两种模型单元有机连结，构建了开式模锻中整个锥形凸台成形过程的定量描述。

A rational procedure is presented to solve finite element problem mixing nonlinear and elastoplastic materials. To avoid numerical problem, the incremental finite element analysis of geometrically altered structures is adopted, and a corresponding automatic finite element mesh strategy is proposed for simulating construction process of excavation.

本文采用变结构有限元分析方法，建立了一种可以灵活模拟基坑工程各种施工工况的有限元网格方法，该方法克服了现有的一些网格方法无法模拟加支撑、加锚杆或拆支撑的缺点，以及不便于计算机自动生成有限元网格的不足，可以更全面、准确地模拟施工过程，大大方便了有限元前处理工作。

You can do some assertiveness training.

你可以进行一些自信训练。

We were well on the path to making a rear-wheel-drive global platform," says Mays."

我们正致力于建立一个后轮驱动的平台，"Mays这样说道。"