查询词典 judicial

The propose of the research is to insist on the view of applying to solve the various confusion in applying at present when present The Doctrine of Equivalents in China by analyzing dispute in applying of DOE; apply the research method of history analysis and compare synthetically, integrate with the case analysis and draw the conclusion: It is necessary to induct The Doctrine of Equivalents to prevent the tortious people filching the benefit of the inventor and confirm whether the infringed people imitated and copied patent on purpose, it is international tidal current to apply DOE in the processing of patent infringement cognizance, and firstly it must ensure the protecting confine by explaining the claim with compromise explain method, the difference of different extent in patent creation also effect the demarcation of equivalent extension; it should apply the rule of comparing factor one by one rather than comparing the whole equivalent in comparison of equivalents, and needs to be confirmed by increasing the assistant means in the processing of patent infringement cognizance by using Triple Identity Test of Graver; contrast and analyze whether they are equivalent depend on the level of the common technicians in relative domain and it is scientific and reasonable to confirm equivalent time standard by infringement date; in judicial practice of equivalent cognizance, it may use the experiences in Japan for reference to solve the cognizance misunderstanding area of reality in the law and the technology; The superabundance designation that may be understood as a display unfair contract because of neglect and materially misunderstanding should be conditionally applied in current time.

研究目的在于通过分析等同原则在适用上的争议，提出我国适用等同原则时应坚持适用的观点，解决目前在适用中的各种混乱局面；运用历史分析和综合比较的研究方法，结合案例分析；专利侵权认定中引入等同原则是必要的，其实质是防止侵权人窃取发明人的利益，被侵权人是否故意模仿或抄袭专利，不影响等同侵权的判定，运用等同原则判定专利侵权已成为世界性的潮流；适用等同原则首先要对权利要求进行解释以确定保护范围，在解释权利要求时应采取折衷的解释方法，不同专利创造性程度的差异也影响着等同范围的划定；在等同物的比较上，应当适用&逐个要素比较&，而不能适用&整体比较&，在适用&三一致&标准进行侵权认定时，还需要增加辅助手段予以确定；是否构成等同，应当以所属领域普通技术人员的水平来对比分析，以侵权日为等同的时间标准是科学合理的；在等同认定的司法实践中，解决法律事实和技术事实认定上的误区，可以借鉴日本的经验；多余指定可以理解为一个因疏忽大意或重大误解而订立的显失公平的合同，应当在现阶段有条件限制地予以适用。

At the same time, despite the separation, the Constitution andCriminal Procedure Law present one kind of fusional state, and both serve the central task of our Party and country ineach stage under the idea of "Constitutionalism Prosperity and Strength",and the judicial activism that takes centraltask as the characteristic has played the pivotal role in the fusion of the Constitution and the Criminal Procedure Law.

然而，在割裂的大背景下，&宪政一富强&成为统摄宪法与刑事诉讼法的价值理念，为中心工作服务成为宪法与刑事诉讼法融合的连接点，以为中心工作服务为取向的中国式司法能动主义成为宪法与刑事诉讼法融合的关键因素，二者在这样一个背景下实现了&割裂下的融合&。

Part One: thc conccpt and valuc analysis of judicial review system ofconstitutionalityJudicial review system of constitutionality is a fundamental system with legalsense to prevent violation of the constitution, which refers to that speciallydesignated state organs examine and conduct whether certain legis1ation or certainacts are constitutional or not. Generally it refers to the acts of state organ leaders,but in some states, it also includes the acts of political parties, for instance, Germanyl l lconstitutional court can exaxnine the organianion and acts of political pwties.

第一部分：违宪审查制度的概念与价值分析违宪审查制度是指由特定的国家机关对某项立法或者某种行为(通常为国家机关领导人的行为，有些国家还包括政党的行为，例如德国宪法法院可以审查政党的组织和行为)是否合宪所进行的具有法律意义的审查和处理的一种基本制度，是一种为防止违宪而设立的专门制度。

But "Heliaea" is only an old word for Assembly; the Heliaea of classical times was simply the Popular Assembly convened for judicial purposes, and the famous Dikasteries of Athens were only its subdivisions or panels.

但&希黎亚&只是&议会&的一个古字；古典时代的&希黎亚&只是为了司法目的而召集的&人民议会&，著名的雅典&迪卡斯德黎&只是它的一部分或是陪审官。

Public procurator's duty of objectiveness and impartialness means that in order to realize judicial justice,he should stand on the objective and impartial side rather than litigant's side and tries to find and respect truth of facts.

检察官客观公正义务是指检察官为了实现司法公正，在刑事诉讼中不应站在当事人的立场、而应该站在客观立场上进行活动，努力发现并尊重事实真相。

Public procurator's duty of objectiveness and impartialness means that in order to realize judicial justice,he should stand on the objective and impartial side rather than litigant's side and tries to find and respect truth of **cts.

检察官客观公正义务是指检察官为了实现司法公正，在刑事诉讼中不应站在当事人的立场、而应该站在客观立场上进行活动，努力发现并尊重事实真相。

Whereas there are various methods to settle personnel disputes,however,these methods lack of validity,and inconsistent with each other as well. Especially,the inconsistence of scope of application makes it difficult for litigants to seek judicial remedy.

现阶段的事业单位人事争议尽管存在多样化的解决方式，但这些解决方式不仅缺乏合法性的基础，而且相互之间也存在着许多不协调之处，尤其是适用范围上的不一致导致当事人寻求司法最终救济上的困难。

the reform of court institution ; the reform of judicial pattern ; the indicial law ; overall coordination

法院机构改革与审判方式的改革正是顺应这种要求，而且必须是围绕这一目标来展开，同时发挥两者目标兼容的

Taking the lead in discovering the existence of judicial costs in hearing the cases of entrust finance and the constant growth of such costs as well, this paper articulated from a whole new perspective that the causation of this phenomena is the mixing up of legal relationships resulted from the inexplicitly of the predictability of the laws.

本文在率先发现委托理财案件存在着司法成本以及该成本持续上升状况的同时，从全新角度解说了这一现状的成因正是法律的确定性不清所引起的法律关系混淆。

He put forwards that the article 4 of crime of L/C fraud in Chinese Criminal Law isn"t in compliance with the principle of penalty according to criminal law, and it will destroy L/C system. The principles of fairness, honest and credibility and prohibition of civil right abuse in General Rules of Civil Law have the feature of indetermination. The litigation of civil right attached to criminal procedure and litigation property save in the Code of Criminal Procedure, in view of their imperfection, cause the repeating capital frozen by police bureau, procuratorate and court. In view of low requirement of civil litigation capital save in Civil Procedure law, the frequent capital frozen happens all the time. Summary of Panel Discussion Concerning Chinese Coastal Area"s Economic and Judicial Work, owing to its low status and evidence"s inexplicitness of issuing ban, results in judger"s unrestrained jurisdiction power. Therefore, this author concludes that the characteristics of fragmentsand imperfection of Chinese L/C laws are disadvantageous to the perfection of the L/C legislation system ,and can not instruct judges to try the cases of L/C fraud effectively.

由于《美国统一商法典》的第五章关于信用证欺诈的规定相对我国法律而言比较完善，笔者在本文对其也作了论述，以期对我国未来的立法有所启示；第三部分主要分析了我国目前的有关信用证欺诈的规定，并指出《刑法》的有关信用证诈骗罪的规定的第4款不符合罪刑法定的要求，它对信用证的运行机制有极强的破坏性；《民法通则》中与信用证欺诈有关的公平、诚实信用、禁止权利滥用原则有其适用时的不确定性；《刑事诉讼法》关于刑事附带民事及诉讼保全的规定，由于规定的不完善，导致公、检、法等各机关对信用证的重复冻结；由于《民事诉讼法》对财产保全的条件要求过低，导致实践中信用证冻结频繁发生；《会谈纪要》由于其效力低和对发布禁令要求的证据并不明确，导致实践中法官的自由裁量权无限扩大。

Finally, according to market conditions and market products this article paper analyzes the trends in the development of camera technology, and designs a color night vision camera.

最后根据市场情况和市面上产品的情况分析了摄像机技术的发展趋势，并设计了一款彩色夜视摄像机。

Only person height weeds and the fierce looks stone idles were there.

只有半人深的荒草和龇牙咧嘴的神像。