查询词典 judicial system

Article 73 No judicial official shall be summoned, arrested, detained, prosecuted or tried civilly or criminally by or at the instance of any person or authority on account of judicial opinions rendered or expressed, judicial statements made and judicial acts done in the course of a trial in open court or in chambers, except for treason or other felonies, misdemeanor or breach of the peace.

第73条：除非叛国或犯其他重罪、轻罪或破坏和平，法官不因其在公开开庭或法官办公室中的司法言论或司法行为而遭到民事或刑事的传唤、逮捕、拘留、起诉或审判。

There are many serious misleading in how to apply the principle of "fraud exception", whereas, it is necessary to make a legal research on the principle of "fraud exception" in light of former researches. The article consists of two parts. In the first part, the author put emphasis on the principle of abstract independence, the definition, the establishment and development of the principle of fraud exception, the analysis of the fraud, the theory, the prerequisite and the procedure of apply the principle of "fraud exception" in order to establish the general principle and necessary procedure. In the second part, the author analysis the existing backward conditions oflegislation and judicial practice in China, and courts" attitude to the judicial remedy for the principle of " fraud exception", further, the author puts forward some suggestions on how to make the legislation on the principle of "fraud exception" perfect, and how to apply the procedure of judicial remedy for the principle of "fraud exception". Lastly, the author hopes that these suggestions could benefit to the judicial practice and the future legislation on the principle of "fraud exception.

我国在加入世界贸易组织后，按照国际惯例和国际公约处理国际贸易中的纠纷己成为一种必然趋势，鉴于我国法院对如何准确适用信用证欺诈例外原则存在着严重误区，使得在先前学者研究的基础上再一次研究欺诈例外原则很有必要，本文分两个部分，第一部分对信用证独立抽象原则、信用证欺诈例外原则的定义、确立与发展、对例外原则下欺诈的分析、理论基础、适用条件以及程序等六方面展开论述，从而确立信用证欺诈例外原则的一般原则和必要的程序：第二部分主要分析我国司法实践中信用证欺诈例外原则司法救济的立法以及司法现状，及法院对欺诈例外原则的态度，从而对如何完善我国法院欺诈例外原则的法律依据以及如何正确适用欺诈例外原则的司法救济程序提出一些构思，希望为欺诈例外原则在我国的司法实践以及为以后的相应立法提供有益的参考。

Article 2 The "procedures for judicial authentication" shall refer to the manners, methods, steps and related rules and standards that the judicial authentication institutions and judicial authenticators shall comply with in conducting judicial authentication activities.

第二条 司法鉴定程序是指司法鉴定机构和司法鉴定人进行司法鉴定活动应当遵循的方式、方法、步骤以及相关的规则和标准。

The Chinese judicial interpretation, because of the ancient clan system grade idea and the thought of the "imperatorial power highest" and the influence of the current system, lacks the organism contact with concrete case law application. And the judicial interpretation separate alienation performance as a kind of independent power with judicial power, not the means to conducting and realizing the purpose of law application.

中国的司法解释，由于受宗法等级观念和&皇权至上&的思想以及现行制度体制的影响，司法解释与具体案件法律适用缺乏有机联系，而且司法解释与司法权相分离，异化表现为一种独立的权力，而不是作为实现法律适用目的的手段。

So,in order to establish an effective judicial system with a Chinese character and form a strong judicial power with reason and democracy as the soul and value orientation.safeguarding the social stabilization and social harmonization basing on the reason and democracy will inevitably be the starting point and terminal point of Chinese judicial power study.

因此，建设一个具有中国特色的有效的司法制度，形成一个以理性与民主精神为灵魂和价值取向的强大的司法权，维护理性与民主基础上的社会稳定与社会和谐，必然是研究中国司法权问题的出发点和归宿点。

In the starting procedure, the author puts forward the thoughts of adjusting and perfecting the judicial expertise through its submittion or decision to submitting, appraisal upon entrustment and acceptance, etc. In performing stage, there should be in three aspects for adjustment and perfection, ie, perfecting the control system to the judicial expertise act, standardizing the standard of judicial expertise and improving its operating rules. As to the later stage procedure, this part mainly gives out the train of thought on supplementary expertise and reexport is ing, and then puts forward the standpoints about expert witness bearing witness in courts and also the legal consequences of violating expertise procedure.

在开始程序中，笔者从司法鉴定的提请、决定、委托、受理等方面提出了调整与完善的构想；在实施程序中，提出了主要应从三个方面来调整与完善，即完善司法鉴定实施活动的监督制度、规范司法鉴定的标准、完善司法鉴定的操作规程；在后续程序中，主要论述了补充鉴定和重新鉴定的改革思路Z 接着对鉴定人出庭作证以及违反鉴定程序的法律后踉出了自己的观点。

To overcoming these obstacles and realize the judicial independence, we should take the following measures: making the law suability, implementing the constitutional position of the judicial authority, standardizing courts management system and fostering modern judicial culture.

并提出要克服这些障碍实现司法独立应从以下几方面入手：一是赋予法律可诉性；二是落实司法机关的宪政地位；三是规范法院管理体制；四是培育现代司法文化。

The international judicial assistance in criminal matters is an international judicial system for governments' cooperative punishing criminal facts. It's an act of justicial bureaus of different countries or areas to help or take the place of each other to complete judicial matters according to conventions or adhering to the principles of mutual benefit during activities of criminal lawsuit.

国际刑事司法协助是各国政府之间合作制裁违法犯罪行为的一项国际司法制度，是不同国家和地区的司法当局之间，依据相关国际条约所确立的义务，或遵循互惠原则，在刑事追诉活动中相互帮助，代为完成一定司法事宜的行为。

The modernistic factors of the judicial system include judicial independence, judicial unitarily, judge's professionalism and nationalization of judicature etc.

司法制度的现代性因素包括司法的独立性、司法的统一性、法官的职业化及司法权威的国家化等。

Judicial Activism,Judge-made Law and the Doctrine of Numerus of IPR;2. Study on Judicial Activism in the WTO Dispute Settlement;3. However, judicial activism also exists in this system.

虽然因循先例原则在普通法系法律中占有重要地位，但司法能动在普通法系国家也普遍存在并对普通法系法律的发展具有重要作用。

Listen,point and check your answers.

听，指出并且检查你的答案。

Warming needle is one of effective treatment methods for knee arthralgia aggravated by cold,and it is simple,safety,so it should be developed in clinical acupuncture and moxibustion extensively.

但以本院科针灸门诊在2005年1月—2006年6月期间共收治膝痛患者100余例，经过临床的诊断后，其中施以温针治疗的48例，疗效显著，报道如下。1临床资料本组病例48