查询词典 judicial precedent

The tracing of the knowledge structure of the Ancient Judge can depart from three different points:firstly,the knowledge having been possessed before one became judge,which can be examined in the subjects and their contents of the imperial examinations;secondly,the professional knowledge necessary for an ancient judge to carry out his job,which can be known by studying the empanelment of Ancient Judge and the basic requirement of the subjects tested;thirdly,the knowledge tropism of Ancient Judge as a whole,which can be understood by analyzing how the state and judge clear up the judicial risks.

探寻刑官的知识结构，可以从三个角度出发：其一是刑官任官前的一般知识储备，这可以从科举考试的科目及内容出发；其二是刑官行使职权所需要的专业性知识，这可以从国家对各级刑官制度化的选任和考课的基本要求来分析；其三是刑官总体的知识取向，这可以从国家和刑官本人如何消解司法风险来分析。

As I consider,currently the three most important tasks facing us are: the first is to develop the democratic politics of the socialism to ensure the liberty and the right of the people; the second is to push forward the reformation of the judicial system to promote the justice in the society;and the third is to enstrengthen the full ranges of the supervision to make the governmental administration operate by law and be under the supervision at the same time.

我以为在当前最重要的是三个方面：一是要发展社会主义民主政治，保障人民的自由和权利；二是推进司法体制改革，促进社会公平正义；三是加强各方面的监督，使政府的行政运转依法进行，并置于监督之下。

Commencing from the basis of carrier's liability established in Hague Rules, this paper analyzes the relation between the ship interests'fault and general average contribution in conjunction with an introduction of the respective judicial practices and doctrines in United Kingdom, United States and China in this respect together with the understanding as to Rule D of York-Antwerp Rules 1974, and therefore concludes as follows:(1) No contribution may be collected from cargo where the general average was occasioned by the ship interests'fault, whether exemptible or actionable.

本文从《海牙规则》所确立的船东责任制度出发，结合英美两国及我国的司法实践和观念以及对《1974年约克-安特卫普规则》的规则D的理解，针对船方的过失与共同海损分摊之间的关系进行了探讨，并得出如下结论： 1、无论船方的过失是否可以根据法律或合同予以免责，只要该过失使得共同海损行为成为必要，船方就无权要求货方参与分摊。

The second part: Exposit China's legislative and judicial status of this system and shortcomings of this system in legislation and practice, and analyzes the defect and deficiency of this system on the legal provisions.

具体来说，在制度上存在这无独立请求权第三人诉讼地位不明确且缺乏确认的标准，缺失在诉讼中权利义务规范等缺陷。

If positive norms intrude into their fields and result in failing adjustment,factive folk norms would passively come up in the judicial course...

知识属性的独特性和法律方法上的独特价值，也由此构成了事实性民间规范存在合理性的强固根据。

However,in actual judicial pratice, it is in vogue because of the regional protectionism and the branch protectionism,which makes the faultily of the managemeng system,low quality of carrying out personnel business,difficult to look for the operator and to search for property."Difficult enforcement of judgments"includes seeking and carrying out the underlying asset and difficult to assist an operator.

然而，在司法实践中，因地方保护主义和部门保护主义的盛行，执行管理体制不健全，执行人员业务素质低等原因，造成被执行人难找，被执行财产难寻，协助执行人难求以及执行标的物难动等&执行难&、&执行乱&现象。

The propose of the research is to insist on the view of applying to solve the various confusion in applying at present when present The Doctrine of Equivalents in China by analyzing dispute in applying of DOE; apply the research method of history analysis and compare synthetically, integrate with the case analysis and draw the conclusion: It is necessary to induct The Doctrine of Equivalents to prevent the tortious people filching the benefit of the inventor and confirm whether the infringed people imitated and copied patent on purpose, it is international tidal current to apply DOE in the processing of patent infringement cognizance, and firstly it must ensure the protecting confine by explaining the claim with compromise explain method, the difference of different extent in patent creation also effect the demarcation of equivalent extension; it should apply the rule of comparing factor one by one rather than comparing the whole equivalent in comparison of equivalents, and needs to be confirmed by increasing the assistant means in the processing of patent infringement cognizance by using Triple Identity Test of Graver; contrast and analyze whether they are equivalent depend on the level of the common technicians in relative domain and it is scientific and reasonable to confirm equivalent time standard by infringement date; in judicial practice of equivalent cognizance, it may use the experiences in Japan for reference to solve the cognizance misunderstanding area of reality in the law and the technology; The superabundance designation that may be understood as a display unfair contract because of neglect and materially misunderstanding should be conditionally applied in current time.

研究目的在于通过分析等同原则在适用上的争议，提出我国适用等同原则时应坚持适用的观点，解决目前在适用中的各种混乱局面；运用历史分析和综合比较的研究方法，结合案例分析；专利侵权认定中引入等同原则是必要的，其实质是防止侵权人窃取发明人的利益，被侵权人是否故意模仿或抄袭专利，不影响等同侵权的判定，运用等同原则判定专利侵权已成为世界性的潮流；适用等同原则首先要对权利要求进行解释以确定保护范围，在解释权利要求时应采取折衷的解释方法，不同专利创造性程度的差异也影响着等同范围的划定；在等同物的比较上，应当适用&逐个要素比较&，而不能适用&整体比较&，在适用&三一致&标准进行侵权认定时，还需要增加辅助手段予以确定；是否构成等同，应当以所属领域普通技术人员的水平来对比分析，以侵权日为等同的时间标准是科学合理的；在等同认定的司法实践中，解决法律事实和技术事实认定上的误区，可以借鉴日本的经验；多余指定可以理解为一个因疏忽大意或重大误解而订立的显失公平的合同，应当在现阶段有条件限制地予以适用。

At the same time, despite the separation, the Constitution andCriminal Procedure Law present one kind of fusional state, and both serve the central task of our Party and country ineach stage under the idea of "Constitutionalism Prosperity and Strength",and the judicial activism that takes centraltask as the characteristic has played the pivotal role in the fusion of the Constitution and the Criminal Procedure Law.

然而，在割裂的大背景下，&宪政一富强&成为统摄宪法与刑事诉讼法的价值理念，为中心工作服务成为宪法与刑事诉讼法融合的连接点，以为中心工作服务为取向的中国式司法能动主义成为宪法与刑事诉讼法融合的关键因素，二者在这样一个背景下实现了&割裂下的融合&。

Part One: thc conccpt and valuc analysis of judicial review system ofconstitutionalityJudicial review system of constitutionality is a fundamental system with legalsense to prevent violation of the constitution, which refers to that speciallydesignated state organs examine and conduct whether certain legis1ation or certainacts are constitutional or not. Generally it refers to the acts of state organ leaders,but in some states, it also includes the acts of political parties, for instance, Germanyl l lconstitutional court can exaxnine the organianion and acts of political pwties.

第一部分：违宪审查制度的概念与价值分析违宪审查制度是指由特定的国家机关对某项立法或者某种行为(通常为国家机关领导人的行为，有些国家还包括政党的行为，例如德国宪法法院可以审查政党的组织和行为)是否合宪所进行的具有法律意义的审查和处理的一种基本制度，是一种为防止违宪而设立的专门制度。

But "Heliaea" is only an old word for Assembly; the Heliaea of classical times was simply the Popular Assembly convened for judicial purposes, and the famous Dikasteries of Athens were only its subdivisions or panels.

但&希黎亚&只是&议会&的一个古字；古典时代的&希黎亚&只是为了司法目的而召集的&人民议会&，著名的雅典&迪卡斯德黎&只是它的一部分或是陪审官。

You can snipe the second and third union leaders from this position.

您可以鹬第二和第三工会领袖从这一立场出发。

Aiming at the currently shortage of XML streams quality detecting, this paper proposes a new forecasting method of XML streams quality by least squares support vector machines, which is used the method of XML keys' vector matrix as windows, and vector product wavelet transform to multilevel decompose and refactor the XML streams series, that can fulfill real-time checking demand of XML quality, and ensure constraint, consist- ency and integrality. For even more adapting net load, it proposes a control strategy by weight and adaptive adjustment to ensure XML streams quality.

针对当前XML数据流质量检测存在的不足，提出构建XML键的矢量矩阵作为窗口，利用矢量积小波变换多级分解与重构XML数据流，再结合最小二乘支持向量机对XML数据流质量进行预测的一种方法，满足XML数据流质量重构时实时检测的要求，保证XML数据的约束性、一致性与完整性；为了更好的适应网络负载，采取加权与自适应窗口调整等调度策略充分保证XML数据流的质量检测。