查询词典 judicial

Article 73 No judicial official shall be summoned, arrested, detained, prosecuted or tried civilly or criminally by or at the instance of any person or authority on account of judicial opinions rendered or expressed, judicial statements made and judicial acts done in the course of a trial in open court or in chambers, except for treason or other felonies, misdemeanor or breach of the peace.

第73条：除非叛国或犯其他重罪、轻罪或破坏和平，法官不因其在公开开庭或法官办公室中的司法言论或司法行为而遭到民事或刑事的传唤、逮捕、拘留、起诉或审判。

Owning to structural loopholes, however, we have achieved little progress in the reform of the judicial system in the past decade, especially in freeing the judicial work from administrative interference. Prime concerns now are decentralization of judicial power, bureaucratization of judicial proceedings and low professional competence of judges.

但是，由于体制上的原因，十余年来，我们所进行的司法改革成效甚微，特别是由于司法受制于行政的现状并未得到根本的扭转，在司法工作中，确实存在着司法权力地方化、审判活动行政化、法官职业大众化这三大顽症。

Article 30 For a reauthentication, a judicial authentication institution on the list of judicial authentication institutions other than the original authentication institution shall be commissioned, or, as a client agrees, the original judicial authentication institution may be commissioned, which shall designate a qualified judicial authenticator other than the original judicial authenticator to conduct the reauthentication.

第三十条重新鉴定，应当委托原鉴定机构以外的列入司法鉴定机构名册的其他司法鉴定机构进行；委托人同意的，也可以委托原司法鉴定机构，由其指定原司法鉴定人以外的其他符合条件的司法鉴定人进行。

Where a judicial authenticator proposes to recuse himself or herself, the judicial authentication institution employing him or her shall decide it, where a client requests the recusal of a judicial authenticator, the client shall propose it to the judicial authentication institution employing the authenticator, and the judicial authentication institution shall decide it.

司法鉴定人自行提出回避的，由其所属的司法鉴定机构决定；委托人要求司法鉴定人回避的，应当向该鉴定人所属的司法鉴定机构提出，由司法鉴定机构决定。

The text is on one hand, adopt the method of comparative study and the method of historical study to analyze the evolution of history and present condition of judicial interpretation in China and the west two major law system. On the other hand, adopt the analytic method to analyze the present condition of judicial interpretation in China. Proceeding the research for the hot and controversial questions of judicial interpretation from the academic angle to deepen the understanding in judicial interpretation. At last, the author puts forward to the imaginings of perfecting the Chinese judicial interpretation.

本文一方面，采取比较研究的方法和历史研究的方法对中国与西方两大法系司法解释的历史发展及现状进行分析；另一方面，采用归纳分析的方法对当代中国司法解释的现状深入剖析；并从理论的角度对司法解释的几个热点争议问题进行研究，以加深对司法解释的了解，从而提出完善中国司法解释的法治设想。

According to the problems and shortages exited in the first national judicial cxalnination,author suggests that the system sheRid be perfected in the following three aspects:first,on the basis of lower condition for the entrance of the examination and lower matriculating score,We should keep the balance of right and obligation;second,we could deepen the judicial officials and personal system at the turning point of establishing the national judicial examination system;third,We should perfect the existing judicial unitary examination system through the combination of unitary examination and unitary study so that the purpose of practicing the national judicial examination system can be fulfilled much better.

针对首届国家统一司法考试存在的问题及不足，笔者建议从三处着手进行完善：首先，在放宽报名条件和降低录取分数线上应讲求&权义平衡&；其次，以国家司法统一考试制度为契机深化司法官人事制度改革；最后，以&统一考试+统一研修&的结合来完善现行的司法统一考试制度，使国家实行司法统一考试制度的目的能更好地实现。

Modem judicial system predetermines specific content of law texts and advocates judicial formalism. Legal reasoning becomes a basic approach to applying laws and making judgment; judicature holds a position of authority. It is a basis of judicial legitimacy to abide by rules of judicial procedures.

现代性语境中的司法制度预定法律文本具有确定性内容，崇尚司法形式主义，法律推理成为法官适用法律和作出判决的基本方法，司法具有权威性地位，对司法程序规则的恪守构成司法合法性基础。

The main factors to restrict realization of the aim of judicial explanation are limitations of explanatory means , inability of judges as principal part of explainers , pressure from groups of interests , lack of independence of justice and judges , no modem rule by law hi ideology and culture of law and effects of public opinion and human relationship ; therefore , the main ways to realize the aim of judicial explanation are to construct team of judges , enhance quality of judges , apply scientific explanatory means , state publicly judicial explanation , analyse reasons for judgement, reform judicial system of court, guarantee independence of judice and judges and cultivate civilian ideology of modem legal culture.

解释方法的局限性、作为解释主体的法官的素质的不适性、利益集团的压力、司法及法官缺乏应有的独立性、法律文化意识非现代法治性以及民意舆论和人情关系的影响是制约司法解释目标实现的主要因素；而建设法官队伍，提高法官的素质、运用科学合理的解释方法、公开表述司法解释，分析判决理由、改革法院司法体制，保障司法和法官的独立以及培育公民现代的法律文化意识是实现司法解释目标的最主要路径。

There are many serious misleading in how to apply the principle of "fraud exception", whereas, it is necessary to make a legal research on the principle of "fraud exception" in light of former researches. The article consists of two parts. In the first part, the author put emphasis on the principle of abstract independence, the definition, the establishment and development of the principle of fraud exception, the analysis of the fraud, the theory, the prerequisite and the procedure of apply the principle of "fraud exception" in order to establish the general principle and necessary procedure. In the second part, the author analysis the existing backward conditions oflegislation and judicial practice in China, and courts" attitude to the judicial remedy for the principle of " fraud exception", further, the author puts forward some suggestions on how to make the legislation on the principle of "fraud exception" perfect, and how to apply the procedure of judicial remedy for the principle of "fraud exception". Lastly, the author hopes that these suggestions could benefit to the judicial practice and the future legislation on the principle of "fraud exception.

我国在加入世界贸易组织后，按照国际惯例和国际公约处理国际贸易中的纠纷己成为一种必然趋势，鉴于我国法院对如何准确适用信用证欺诈例外原则存在着严重误区，使得在先前学者研究的基础上再一次研究欺诈例外原则很有必要，本文分两个部分，第一部分对信用证独立抽象原则、信用证欺诈例外原则的定义、确立与发展、对例外原则下欺诈的分析、理论基础、适用条件以及程序等六方面展开论述，从而确立信用证欺诈例外原则的一般原则和必要的程序：第二部分主要分析我国司法实践中信用证欺诈例外原则司法救济的立法以及司法现状，及法院对欺诈例外原则的态度，从而对如何完善我国法院欺诈例外原则的法律依据以及如何正确适用欺诈例外原则的司法救济程序提出一些构思，希望为欺诈例外原则在我国的司法实践以及为以后的相应立法提供有益的参考。

Article 1 In order to standardize the judicial authentication activities of judicial authentication institutions and judicial authenticators, ensure the quality of judicial authentication, and ensure the smooth conduct of litigation activities, these General Rules have been made in accordance with the Decision of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress on the Issues concerning Judicial Authentication Administration and the provisions of relevant laws and administrative regulations.

第一条 为了规范司法鉴定机构和司法鉴定人的司法鉴定活动，保障司法鉴定质量，保障诉讼活动的顺利进行，根据《全国人民代表大会常务委员会关于司法鉴定管理问题的决定》和有关法律、法规的规定，制定本通则。

I am accused of being overreligious," she said in her quiet, frank manner,"but that does not prevent me thinking the children very cruel who obstinately commit such suicide.""

客人们在卡罗利娜·埃凯家里，举止就文雅一些，因为卡罗利娜的母亲治家很严厉。

Designed by French fashion house Herm è s, this elegant uniform was manufactured in our home, Hong Kong, and was the first without a hat.

由著名品牌 Herm è s 设计，这件高贵的制服是香港本土制造，是我们第一套不配帽子的制服。