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The bulk of American contract law is judge-made case law.

美洲合同法大部分是由法官作出的判例法。

"Case law" describes the entire body of judge-made law and today includes common law and equity precedents.

&判例法&是法官造法的总称。目前，包括普通法、衡平法先例。

Now, the majority of countries in the world have allowed the contractual choice of forum by the parties themselves through legal provision or judge-made la...

本文旨在通过中美两国协议管辖立法和实践的比较研究，明确协议管辖的相关问题并试图寻找我国协议管辖制度的发展方向。

The bulk of American contract law is judge-made case law. Special areas of contract law such as labor law and insurance law have been partially codified, but even in these areas the primary source of applicable legal principles are found in the written opinions of the courts.

美国合同法的大部分是由法官创制的判例法，特殊领域的合同法例如劳动法和保险法已被部分的编撰，但即使在这些领域，可适用的法律原则的基本渊源是在法院的书面意见中找到的。

Law students and lawyers from non-Anglo-American countries learn that Anglo-American can law is "case "law or "judge-made law "That 's true to an extent , but in reality a significant portion of the law of the United States is codified Of course , it is true that in some cases no statutory or constitutional provisions will apply .

来自非英美国家的法律专业学生和律师都知道，英美法是&判例法&或者是&法官制定的法&。这在一定程度上来说是对对的。但是事实上美国法律也有一大部分是以成文法的形式存在的。当然，在一些案例中确实没有成文法或者宪法条文可以被适用。

We must keep within those interstitial limits which precedent and custom and the long and silent and almost indefinable practice of other judges through the centuries of the common law have set to judge-made innovations.

我们必须在保持在普通法的空隙界限之内来进行法官实施的创新，这些界限是多少世纪以来的先例、习惯和法官其他长期、沉默的以及几乎是无法界定的实践所确定下来的。

We should take action as follows: lawmaking link with judge-made law and insist on principia such as procedural justice, make a difference between close company and public company, equal protection and national treatment.

我们未来的股东诉讼制度应走立法先行引导司法、与判例法结合的路子，坚持程序正义、平等保护、区分有限责任公司和股份有限公司并予以不同规制以及国民待遇的原则。

In several cases of elderly people who refused to be treated in life-threatening situations, Israeli case law established some criteria to enable individuals to plan for their last stages of life? Although the judge-made law was liberal and in all cases declared the rights of the patients to refuse medical treatment, the scope of the decisions was narrow and limited.

在一些案例中，老年人在病势危重的情况下拒绝接受治疗，以色列的判例法也制订了一些原则来保障个人有权对自己的晚年作出安排，尽管法官制订的法律已属开明，并在所有案例中都声明患者享有拒绝治疗之权利，但个人的决定权仍有很大的局限性。

In several cases of elderly people who refused to be treated in life-threatening situatio , Israeli case law established some criteria to enable individuals to plan for their last stages of life? Although the judge-made law was liberal and in all cases declared the rights of the patients to refuse medical treatment, the scope of the decisio was narrow and limited.

在一些案例中，老年人在病势危重的情况下拒绝接受治疗，以色列的判例法也制订了一些原则来保障个人有权对自己的晚年作出安排，尽管法官制订的法律已属开明，并在所有案例中都声明患者享有拒绝治疗之权利，但个人的决定权仍有很大的局限性。

Judicial Activism,Judge-made Law and the Doctrine of Numerus of IPR;2. Study on Judicial Activism in the WTO Dispute Settlement;3. However, judicial activism also exists in this system.

虽然因循先例原则在普通法系法律中占有重要地位，但司法能动在普通法系国家也普遍存在并对普通法系法律的发展具有重要作用。

Listen,point and check your answers.

听，指出并且检查你的答案。

Warming needle is one of effective treatment methods for knee arthralgia aggravated by cold,and it is simple,safety,so it should be developed in clinical acupuncture and moxibustion extensively.

但以本院科针灸门诊在2005年1月—2006年6月期间共收治膝痛患者100余例，经过临床的诊断后，其中施以温针治疗的48例，疗效显著，报道如下。1临床资料本组病例48