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The current research points out that for the CFCHS joints the linear extrapolation method can be used for chords,whereas the quadratic extrapolation method must be used for braces.The hot spot stress distributions on the CFCHS joints tend to be more uniform and their SCFs become smaller significantly,compared with the CHS joints.Axial tension on the brace puts the CFCHS joints at a disadvantage,which produces higher SCFs than axial compression.The effects of nondimensional geometric parameters β,τ and γ on SCFs of the chords of the CFCHS joints are basically the same as those of the CHS joints,but for the braces,there is a bit difference in the effects of parameters β,τ and γ between the two kinds of joints.Concrete has the function of improving the CFCHS joint rigidity and then decreasing SCFs which is expected to increase fatigue strength,but concrete strength grade does not exert significant influence on SCFs.

研究表明：CFCHS节点的热点应力，对主管可采用线性外推方法，对支管需采用二次外推方法；相比CHS节点，CFCHS节点的热点应力分布趋于均匀，SCF显著减小；CFCHS节点支管轴向受拉比受压不利，SCF增大；CFCHS节点几何参数β，τ，γ对主管SCF的影响效应与CHS节点基本一致，但是对支管SCF的影响效应与CHS节点有些差异；混凝土的作用主要是改善CFCHS节点刚度，从而降低SCF，并预期可提高疲劳强度，但混凝土自身强度等级的高低没有显著影响节点的SCF。

Full scale tests on Six CHS joints, including 2 K-joints, 3 KK-joints and 1 KKT-joints, used in roof structures of the palaestra in Chang sha is carried out in this dissertation.

本文对长沙贺龙体育场钢屋盖结构中的6个圆钢管相贯节点，其中包括2个K型节点、3个KK型节点和1个KKT型节点，进行了静力单调加载的足尺试验。

According to the practical engineering application, the reasonable effective lengths of compressed chords and braces are presented. In the end, the static behavior of multiplanar XX-joints are discussed, which used widely in practical engineering. An amount of joints with the variable joint parameters under lode-case are analyzed. Base on research achievement of uniplanar X-joints, a set of formula is proposed to predict the ultimate bearing capacity of multiplanar XX-joints, which are easy to understand in physical concept and simple in practice.

最后对实际工程中常用的空间XX 型节点进行了探讨，分析空间轴心受力XX 节点和空间平面内受弯XX 型节点的空间几何效应和空间荷载效应，进行大量系统的参数研究后，得到各自的效应系数，并且在矩形钢管混凝土桁架平面X型节点研究成果的基础上，给出了两种受力情况下节点的承载力计算公式，公式物理概念清晰、简单实用。

In the experimental study, 12 joints tests are completed, including 5 uniplanar X joints loaded with axial forces, 3 uniplanar X joints loaded with in-plane bending, 4 multiplanar XX-joints loaded with axial forces, with the emphasis on the influence of β and the existence of the out-of-plane braces, of which the multiplanar XX-joints tests is the first experiment project in china.

试验重点研究节点支主管宽度比β以及平面外支管荷载等因素对节点性能的影响，共进行了3个足尺方管平面X型受压节点，3个足尺方管平面X型受弯节点、2个方、圆管杂交平面X型受压节点和4个足尺方管空间XX型节点试验，其中方管空间XX型相贯节点试验是国内的首次试验。

They found that the joint moments measured at any given motion increased with greater magnitudes of joint displacement, and were significantly larger in the two most caudad facet joints (L4 L5 and L5 S1).62 With lateral bending, strains of the joint capsule tended to be larger in magnitude in the three most caudad joints(L3 S1) during contralateral flexion (i.e., the left facet joints are most strained during right lateral flexion),whereas the two most cephalad joints (L1 L2 and L2 L3)bore the greatest strain during bending to the ipsilateral side.

当向对侧弯曲时侧弯时最尾端(L3 S1)的三个椎体的小关节囊的拉伸强度增大（例如右侧屈曲时左侧小关节达到最大的应力）。而头端的两个关节(L1 L2 和L2 L3)在向同侧屈曲运动时拉伸力量最大。

4 Results of nondestructive test for weld joints shall be graded according to JB 4730. Following requirements shall be met: a For radial test, quality grade of radial transillumination can't be lower than Grade AB, and that of weld joints shall meet table 10; b For supersonic test, approval standard for weld joints are as follows: 1 For weld joints of 100% supersonic test, grade Ⅰ. 2 For weld joints of local supersonic test, grade Ⅱ. c For magnetic particle test and penetration test, grade Ⅰ.

7.5.4 管道焊接接头的无损检测应按 JB 4730 进行焊缝缺陷等级评定，并符合下列要求： a 射线检测时，射线透照质量等级不得低于 AB 级，焊接接头经射线检测后的合格等级应符合表 10 的规定； b 超声波检测时，管道焊接接头经检测后的合格标准如下： 1 规定进行 100%超声波检测的焊接接头 I 级合格； 2 局部进行超声波检测的焊接接头 II 级合格； c 磁粉检测和渗透检测的焊接接头 I 级合格。

Based on experimental results of unstiffened overlapped circular hollow section joints, the axial forces of experimental truss members connected with hinge joints, semi hinge joints or rigid joints, are calculated by the finite element analysis model.

以平面K型圆钢管搭接节点的试验数据为基础，通过对试验桁架建立铰接、半铰接和刚接杆系有限元模型，计算受外荷载作用下试验桁架各杆件的轴力。

As showed in Fig.1, the diagrammed stress of short time endurance test forAs showed in Fig.1, the diagrammed stress of short time endurance test for500 hours at 565℃on welded-joint of T91-F12 is 240MPa. Considering the℃on welded-joint of T91-F12 is 240MPa. Considering thedispersity of±20％, stress of check test for 500 hours is 192MPa. The result±20％, stress of check test for 500 hours is 192MPa. The resultof short time endurance test for 500 hours at 565of short time endurance test for 500 hours at 565℃on T91-X20CrMoV121℃on T91-X20CrMoV121welded-joints is showed in Tab.5. The result shows that the short timewelded-joints is showed in Tab.5. The result shows that the short timeendurance stress of weldedendurance stress of welded-joints with two procedures at 565℃for 500 hours-joints with two procedures at 565℃for 500 hoursboth above 192MPa, and meet the requirement.both above 192MPa, and meet the requirement.

依据图1，对T91－F12 焊接接头 565℃温度下的短时持久性能 500 小时考核试验依据图1，对T91－F12 焊接接头 565℃温度下的短时持久性能 500 小时考核试验的图示应力值应为 240MPa，按照持久强度试验数据的±20％的分散度，取 500的图示应力值应为 240MPa，按照持久强度试验数据的±20％的分散度，取 500小时考核试验应力值为 192MPa.T91－X20CrMoV121 焊接接头 565℃、500 小时小时考核试验应力值为 192MPa.T91－X20CrMoV121 焊接接头 565℃、500 小时短时持久考核试验试验结果见表5 ，试验结果表明，两种工艺条件下的焊接接头短时持久考核试验试验结果见表5 ，试验结果表明，两种工艺条件下的焊接接头565℃温度下的短时持久性能，500 小时的持久断裂应力均高于 192MPa，结果符565℃温度下的短时持久性能，500 小时的持久断裂应力均高于 192MPa，结果符合要求。

The tests showed that the tension of each hoop cable and radial cable distributed unevenly under various working conditions,because of the friction between hoop cable and joints.Compared with the traditional joints,using new joints in structure could make the friction between hoop cable and joints reduce obviously,and friction loss on hoop cable at joints was small.

试验表明，由于环索与节点间存在摩擦，使得各工况下结构各圈环索和斜索张力分布不均匀；与传统节点相比，采用新型节点的结构环索与节点间的摩擦大幅降低，环索预应力损失较小，预应力传递效率更高。

In this paper, with an original designed tool and selected welding parameters, 2024-T4 aluminum alloy sheets were friction stir welded successfully. A series of weld experiments were performed; the microstructure and the mechanical properties of the joints were analyzed. The influences of the welding parameters upon the quality of the joints were studied. The optimized welding parameters window was obtained in which high quality joints can be made and the tensile strength of the optimized joints were more than 80% of that of parent metal. The residual stresses of FSW joints have been investigated by using the Hole-drilling method.

本文自主设计搅拌头，通过选择合适的工艺参数，成功实现了硬铝合金2024-T4板材搅拌摩擦焊接；通过对接头成形和微观组织的研究得到可以实现焊接的工艺参数范围和工艺参数对接头成形的影响规律，并结合接头力学性能研究形成了接头性能与工艺参数之间的关系，并据此建立了优化工艺参数窗口，优化工艺参数下接头的抗拉强度可达到母材的80%以上。

The absorption and distribution of chromium were studied in ryeusing nutrient culture technique and pot experiment.

采用不同浓度K2CrO4(0，0.4，0.8和1.2 mmol/L)的Hoagland营养液处理黑麦幼苗，测定铬在黑麦体内的亚细胞分布、铬化学形态及不同部位的积累。

By analyzing theory foundation of mathematical morphology in the digital image processing, researching morphology arithmetic of the binary Image, discussing two basic forms for the least structure element: dilation and erosion.

通过分析数学形态学在图像中的理论基础，研究二值图像的形态分析算法，探讨最小结构元素的两种基本形态：膨胀和腐蚀；分析了数学形态学复杂算法的基本原理，把数学形态学的部分并行处理理念引入到家实际应用中。