查询词典 irreversible process

When the termination pressure in the reversible adiabatic expansion process is equal to that in the irreversible adiabatic expansion process, the external work in the former is equal to the expansion work, however that in the latter is less than the expansion work.

指出了文献[1]中关于闭口系统不可逆绝热过程分析存在的问题，认为闭口系统绝热膨胀过程对外所作的功等于热力学能降，而非膨胀功等于热力学能降。

The external work in the irreversible adiabatic expansion process is the part of the expansion work, which is the sum of the available work and the work used to repel air. So the external work in the irreversible adiabatic expansion process is less than that in the reversible adiabatic expansion process, but not the expansion work.

终压相同时，可逆绝热膨胀过程对外所作的功等于膨胀功，不可逆绝热膨胀过程对外所作的功小于膨胀功，其对外所作的功仅是膨胀功的一部分，是排斥大气所作功与有用功之和，故不可逆过程对外所作的功小于可逆过程的膨胀功，而不是其"膨胀功"小于可逆过程的膨胀功。

Apoptosis, also called programmed cell death, is an irreversible death process of cells.

凋亡，又称程序性细胞死亡，是机体细胞的一种不可逆的细胞死亡过程。

Abstract］ Financial disintermediation becomes irreversible with Chinese capital market getting stronger day by day. This process will be gradually progressive and deepening.

摘 要］我国资本市场的日益壮大迫使金融"脱媒"现象成为不可逆转的趋势，而且这将是一个渐进的、不断深化的过程。

It is undeniable that in the past have experienced property management low technological level and low level of management, the development of low-life treatment process; It is undeniable that today's property management in some areas remains "three low" position; However, with the property management companies to increase the intensity of support, property management and the sound system, raising the level of real estate development, It was an improved economic situation and changes in consumer values, property management and low technology content, the low level of management, the treatment of low-life into high-tech and high-level management, high-life treatment, is an irreversible trend of social development; property management become enviable career, will also be close at hand.

不可否认，过去物业管理曾经经历过低技术含量、低管理水平、低生活待遇的发展过程；也不可否认，今天物业管理在一些地区仍然处于"三低"的境地；然而，随着政府对物业管理企业扶持力度的加大，物业管理法规制度的健全，房地产开发水平的提高，人们经济状况的改善和消费观念的改变，物业管理的低技术含量、低管理水平、低生活待遇变为高技术含量、高管理水平、高生活待遇，将是不可逆转的社会发展趋势；物业管理成为令人羡慕的职业，也将为期不远。

The main results of the investigation are as following:(1) Some important criteria for the design of multi-layer structure are acquired: the ratio of the layer thickness to the contact diameter should be controlled to a value about 0.8; increasing the number of the gradient layers and elasticity modulus of the top layer would benefit to the yield strength and the stress status at the interface.（2）By means of molecular dynamics simulations for a indentation and sliding process, it is discovered that dislocations of 45 direction to the surface occur in the surfaces layer, which is correspond to the direction of the plastic flows observed in the macroscopic continuous medium. The irreversible deformation caused by the dislocation and the atom piles at the surface are responsible for the irreversibility of the force response. They are also the main factors for the friction generation. The temperature and the indentation velocity have significant effects on the deformation behaviors of the material of the surface layer. The yield strength would increase obviously if the indentation velocity is greater than 10 m/s.（3）A method to evaluate the fracture toughness of coating by estimating the crack-density functionβof a Wicker''s indentation was proposed. Meanwhile a new surface treatment technology was developed using non-equilibrium plasma.（4）A MD-FE hybrid method and corresponding software was developed to analysis the tribological behaviors for multiplayer system.

研究主要内容和结果有：（1）得到指导梯度膜设计的几个准则：控制膜层厚度与接触半径比在0.8左右为宜；适当增加梯度层层数和顶层弹性模量，有利于提高抗屈服能力和改善界面处的应力状态；（2）通过对嵌入和滑动摩擦过程的分子动力学模拟，发现表层产生一个与宏观连续介质的塑性流动方向观测一致的45 方向位错；位错造成的不可逆变形和表面的原子堆积，是力的响应不可逆性的原因，也是构成摩擦力的主要因素；温度和嵌入速度对材料变形特性有显著的影响，当嵌入速度大于10 m/s时，屈服强度明显增加；（3）提出压痕裂纹密度系数β半定量判定膜层断裂韧性的方法；并开发出表面强化新工艺；（4）开发出分析表面摩擦学特性的MD-FE复合模拟方法和相应模拟软件。

The separation of the anodic and cathodic peak potentials is 120mV, which indicates that the process may be an irreversible reaction process.

阴极与刚极电势之间的距离△Ep为120mV，表明配合物与DNA的相互作用过程为不可逆过程。F。

Note that due to the exponential holding time,such a process is still a Markov process,but it is irreversible.

注意到由于指数逗留时间的无记忆性，这样的过程仍然是马氏过程，但不可逆。

Esterification process of a reversible step wereresolved as two irreversible steps,then chemical decomposition of wood components weredecreased in liquid acid catalyst.Experiments showed that crosslinking catalysts took catalysisrole on two process in the esterification,(1)five cyclic anhydrides formed by dehydration ofpolycarboxylic acids,(2)esters occurred by substitution between five cyclic anhydrides andwood.

实验中的反应过程使一般的酯化一步可逆反应，分解为两步不可逆反应，减少了液相酸催化过程的木材组分化学降解；交联反应催化剂对于多元羧酸类化合物与木材组分的酯化反应具有两个过程的催化作用：(1)多元羧酸脱水形成五元环酸酐中间体；(2)木材与五元酸酐中间体亲核取代反应形成酯。

Organic fouling was the main reason which induced the decrease of membrane flux of C/MF process with ferric salt as a coagulant. Irreversible membrane fouling of C/MF process with aluminium sulphate as a coagulant was much severe and was the main component of membrane fouling.

膜阻力计算结果表明，无机污染阻力所占比例很小，有机污染是铁盐混凝微滤工艺膜比通量下降的主要原因，铝盐工艺的不可逆污染较为严重，是膜污染的主要组成部分。

On the other hand, the more important thing is because the urban housing is a kind of heterogeneity products.

另一方面，更重要的是由于城市住房是一种异质性产品。

Climate histogram is the fall that collects place measure calm value, cent serves as cross axle for a few equal interval, the area that the frequency that the value appears according to place is accumulated and becomes will be determined inside each interval, discharge the graph that rise with post, also be called histogram.

气候直方图是将所收集的降水量测定值，分为几个相等的区间作为横轴，并将各区间内所测定值依所出现的次数累积而成的面积，用柱子排起来的图形，也叫做柱状图。