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The possible reason is that doped Zr〓 ion enters the interstitial sites for its small ionic radius and no dipole complexes were formed. Monovalent ion F〓 has been reported to improve the scintillating performance greatly. Our results show that Agrand diagrams of F〓: PWO crystals obey an modified Cole-Cole equation. The crystals present similar dielectric relaxation phenomena to but have much higher activation energy than that of RE〓: PWO crystals, which originate from the 〓 dipole complexes. The co-doping of trivalent Y〓 and pentavalent ion Nb〓 does not always show a better scintillation performance than that of solely doped samples, which could be attributed to the existence of the 〓 dipole complexes, which counteract the solely doping effect.

而Zr〓由于离子半径太小，可能进入间隙位置，不形成类似的偶极缺陷；一价负离子F〓的掺入提高了晶体闪烁性能，阻抗谱测试结果表明F〓：PWO晶体Argand图符合修正的Cole—Cole方程，晶体同样表现出介电弛豫现象，并具有比RE〓：PWO晶体中高得多的弛豫激活能，可能起源于形成的〓偶极缺陷；Y〓和Nb〓双掺的PWO晶体并没有显示出两种离子单掺优点的叠加，阻抗谱测量结果表明，在双掺晶体中可能形成〓偶极缺陷，使两者掺杂作用相互抵消。

Basic ionic liquid OH has been introduced as catalyst and reaction medium for Knoevenagel and Perkin reactions.

以碱性离子液体OH作为催化剂，在无溶剂条件下，催化Knoevenagel反应和Perkin反应两类缩合反应。

The recovered ionic liquid was reused for four times with gradual decrease in the yield of phenylacetic acid.

在连续的4次离子液体回收利用过程中，随着离子液体使用次数的增加苯乙酸的产率逐渐降低。

Photons and photoactive room temperature ionic liquid cations replaced conventional oxidants and metal complexes to promote the polymerization of aniline monomer.

在聚合反应过程中，光子和具有光化学活性的室温离子液体阳离子取代了传统的化学氧化剂和金属络合物促使苯胺单体发生氧化。

Considerable attention has really been focused on ionic liquids as "green" alternatives to classical environmentally damaging organic solvents in many fields such as in organosynthesis, material, catalysis, electrochemistry, biochemistry, physicochemistry, separation and so on. However, there have been only a few examples of chiral ILs have been reported so far, and ILs possessing chirality are having been synthesized aimed at application in asymmetric catalytic reaction.

离子液体在许多领域如电化学、有机合成、催化、生物化学、物理化学、材料及分离等的绿色替代溶剂技术引起了人们的重视，然而，有关手性离子液体的合成与应用的报道比较少，含有手性片段的离子液体不断被合成出来并期望在不对称催化反应中得到应用，但是成功的例子不多，使用手性离子液体在不对称催化反应中还在初始的探索阶段。

Only large cations with low charge give a stable ionic lattice with the large polyhalide ions.

仅仅带低电荷的大的阳离子，能和大的多卤化物离子产生稳定的离子晶格。

The best catalytic activity and selectivity could be found in the prepared catalyst system with the optimum combination of the ionic liquid, nano-Pd, and support. The stabilizer is also used to prevent the aggregation of nano-Pd particles. One of the advantages of this approach is that the prereduction of catalyst is not required.

其中离子液体、奈米钯金属及担体皆有其功能，三者之组合才能达到良好之效果，同时，在合成奈米钯过程中，必须使用稳定剂以避免奈米钯金属之聚集此触媒系统之另一优点为不需先加氢还原处理，耐水性强且可重覆使用，是一种颇具潜力之选择性氢化触媒。

The oxide ionic conductivity was increased with the increase of temperature, but the protonic conductivity displayed a maximum at 900 ℃, due to the combined increase in mobility and depletion of the carriers. The fuel cell could work stably.

氧离子电导率随着温度的升高而增大，而质子电导率在约900℃时出现最大值，这是由于在陶瓷中质子迁移率的增大及质子浓度的降低共同影响的结果。

The ionic transport number of more than 0.9 indicates a pure protonic conductor at temperature range of interest.

对比单相材料BaZr_(0.9)Y_(0.1)O_(2.95)，复相材料的直流电导率提高了一个数量级以上，接近10~(-2) S/cm，离子传导系数在0.9以上，是纯质子导体。

The present development of high temperature proton conductors with high chemical stability as electrolyte materials for protonic ceramic membrane fuel cells is reviewed, as well as the influence of novel element doping strategies on the chemical stability, ionic conductivity and sinterability for BaCeO3-based materials.

重点评述了近期化学稳定性好的高温质子导体电解质材料的发展以及新的掺杂体系对于经典BaCeO3基质子导体在化学稳定性、电导率和烧结活性等方面的作用，分析了高温质子导体作为电解质材料在质子陶瓷膜燃料电池发展中存在的问题和发展的方向。

For a big chunk of credit-card losses; the number of filings (and thus charge-off rates) would be rising again, whether

年美国个人破产法的一个改动使得破产登记急速下降，而后引起了信用卡大规模的亏损。

Eph. 4:23 And that you be renewed in the spirit of your mind

弗四23 而在你们心思的灵里得以更新