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Synthesis of ethyl lactate is studied by using imidazole ionic liquid as catalyst and ethyl acetate as water-stripping agent.

以酸性咪唑离子液体为催化剂，乙酸乙酯为带水剂研究了乳酸乙酯的合成。

In addition to the lithium salts, we have also synthesized and studied the other types of ionic liquids, in which N-methyl-N-propyl piperidinium bis imide (PP13-TFSI) shows a wider electrochemical window -0.3 ~ 5.6 V vs.

在实践中对项目研究作了部分调整，另外也合成和研究了其它类型的离子液体，其中N-甲基-N-丙基哌啶三氟甲基磺酰亚胺（PP13-TFSI）表现出更宽的电化学稳定窗口-0.3 ~ 5.6 V vs。

The resulted alkylated products could be easily recovered due to immiscibility with the ionic liquid in some case.

同有机溶剂作为反应介质相比，离子液体表现出独特的溶剂效应和更好的催化活性。

Medium to high conversion and selectivity were achieved with easy separation of the products from the ionic liquids due to their immiscibility.

反应具有适中至高的转化率和选择性，依据底物的不同，反应结束后可以和离子液体系分层，便于产物分离。氯铝酸离子液体具有一定的重复使用性

The resulted alkylated products could be easily recovered due to immiscibility with the ionic liquid, and the catalyst could be repeatedly used.

结果表明，离子液反应体系中存在着烷基化反应与异构化反应两个不同的反应阶段。该体系具有很好的催化性能，而且是常温反应，产物易于分离、纯度高，催化剂可以重复使用。

The perturbative theory of laser induced collisional charge exchange is presented, in which the laser induced collisional charge exchange is described as a four body system and the compound atomic and ionic states are used as basis states of LICCE, and the equation of motion for the probability amplitudes of the states are obtained.

将激光感生碰撞电荷交换看作一个四体系统，发展了激光感生碰撞电荷交换的微扰理论；以独立原子和离子的复合态波函数作为激光感生碰撞体系的基组函数，得到了体系态振幅的运动方程。

These are combination of ceramic hair straighteners and ionic tourmalilne technology that make use of infra red heat.

这些都是结合陶瓷头发直和离子tourmalilne技术，利用红外线热。

It has been found that there is an empirical relationship between the interionic separations at fusion and at tensile fracture of NaCl-structure ionic crystals, viz.

发现拉伸断裂时的离子间距γi与从等压态方程计算得到的晶体熔化时的离子间距γm之间存在一个经验关系式，即γm=0。

Based on parameter free interionic potentials of the Gordon Kim modified electron gas formalism extended to molecular ions, the structure phase transitions in ionic molecular solids of the perovskites ABX 3 are discussed, which take the results of molecular dynamics simulations of KCaF 3 as an example.

基于无调节参数的Gordon－Kim势和一种检测离子运动的新技术，以KCaF3的分子动力学模拟结果为例，对钙钛矿ABX3的离子分子固体的结构相变作了探讨。包括对阱势、折叠结构、能垒、超离子态、稳定性骨架和离子分子集团BX6的"尺寸"和"形状"。以期对离子分子固体的结构相变有一个基本了解

With some examples, the correlat ions between the thermal expansion coefficients of minerals and the types of cr ystal structures, the nature of chemical bonds, the valencies of ions , the interionic distances, the percentage ionic characters, the electronic conf igurations of ions and the chemical compositions are discussed and summarised . The crystal chemistry approach has been used in the calculation of the th ermal expansion coefficients for minerals with simple structures and composition s.

晶体化学方法是研究矿物热膨胀系数的有效方法，但由于矿物的热膨胀系数和晶体化学参数之间的定量关系尚未完全弄清，目前仅仅能对简单结构矿物的热膨胀系数进行计算，结构、成分较复杂的矿物的热膨胀系数计算尚缺乏好的晶体化学模型。

According to the clear water experiment, aeration performance of the new equipment is good with high total oxygen transfer coefficient and oxygen utilization ratio.

曝气设备的动力效率在叶轮转速为120rpm～150rpm时取得最大值，此时氧利用率和充氧能力也具有较高值。

The environmental stability of that world - including its crushing pressures and icy darkness - means that some of its most famous inhabitants have survived for eons as evolutionary throwbacks, their bodies undergoing little change.

稳定的海底环境─包括能把人压扁的压力和冰冷的黑暗─意谓海底某些最知名的栖居生物已以演化返祖的样态活了万世，形体几无变化。