查询词典 institutional

While transborder pollution has been on the international agenda for decades, once the cumulative effects of industrialization were understood to affect global climate change, the world entered — literally, became enveloped by — a wholly new context in which conventional institutional remedies fare poorly.

虽然跨界污染问题列入国际议程已有数十年，但一旦人们了解到工业化的累积效果影响到全球气候变化，世界才真正进入，并且被包围在全新的环境中，在此，传统的体制补救方法效果不佳。

Unfortunately, such analytical frameworks don't follow a solid and strict logic, although they appear powerful in explaining substantive phenomena. There are actually four defects which should not be ignored within the frameworks. Firstly, some pivotal rights or power, such as residual claims and residual rights of control, are transcendentally provided without any scrupulous inspection of their intensions, extensions and foundations. Secondly, they depend overly on the approach of normal analysis , ignoring the forming process and practical rules of institutions. Thirdly, They pay so much attention on moral hazards, especially on hold-up problems related to specific investments, that how to deal with moral hazards becomes almost the only content of institutional arrangements or corporate governance. Finally, they select mature enterprises, most of which are public ones, as the research background, but neglect to study the initial establishing phase of a business venture.

虽然该框架对很多现象具有强大的解释力，但这并不意味它已有了坚实的理论基础和严谨的逻辑，因为该框架还存在着一些不应该被忽视的缺陷：第一，许多关键性的权利或者权力都是先验给定的，其内涵、外延以及存在基础并未得到严格考察；第二，过分依赖规范分析方法，却往往在有意或无意之间忽视了对企业实际的形成过程和运行规律的考察；第三，过分关注道德风险，尤其是与专用性投资相关的敲竹杠风险，以至于防止道德风险似乎成了企业制度安排或者企业治理的唯一内容；第四，基本上是以成熟企业，尤其是上市公司作为研究背景，而缺乏对创业阶段的研究。

Discourses emerge and transform not according to a developing series of unarticulated, common worldviews, but according to a vast and complex set of discursive and institutional relationships.

话语的出现和改造不是按照一个发展中国家一系列unarticulated ，共同的世界观，但据一个庞大和复杂的话语和体制的关系。

Family-hold contract system as an institution design of property right in the special history circumstance, shows serious delay in current country economic life, which is not exclusive, complete and deliverable, as well as unbeneficial, which is institutional restraint and encouragement function falls down and arises externalities.

家庭承包经营作为我国在特定历史背景下的产权制度设计，在目前的农村经济生活中表现出了相时的滞后性：它不具有完全的排它性、完全性、可转让性，表现出非效益性；其制度约束、激励功能下降并产生了较大的诸多负外部性，产权功能缺失。

Such uncertainties as human, institutional, cultural factors and harriers to entry are all likely to give rise to uncontrollability of costs, thus adding to risks.

在兼并过程中，诸如人的因素、制度的因素、文化的因素、产业的进入障碍等不确定性因素都有可能导致兼并过程成本的不可控，从而加大兼并的风险。

Most of those organizations of personality that seem to us most uncontrovertibly abnormal have been used by different civilizations in the very foundations of their institutional life.

许多对我们来说无可争议的异常行为，在不同的文明中被用于构建其常规生活的基

Second, there are structural theories, most importantly Keynesian, but also including those of institutional economics, that point to underconsumption and overinvestment, malfeasance by bankers and industrialists, or incompetence by government officials.

第二，有结构的理论，最重要的凯恩斯主义，而且还包括制度经济学，分别指向不足和过度投资，渎职的银行家和实业家，或不称职的政府官员。

The real and specific problems that underly the Grid concept are coordinated resource sharing and problem solving in dynamic, multi-institutional virtual organizations.

网格概念中体现出来的灵活、按需的异构资源集成的思想非常符合人们对更高层次资源共享的需求，因而在分布式超级计算、高吞吐率计算及数据密集型计算等领域得到接受和发展。

Many endogenous variables of speculations, including the unreasonable structure of share equity,the circulating share market dominated by scattered stockholders, and scarcity of indispensable institutional investors, lead to the unguaranteed interest of investors.

上市公司股权结构不合理，大量股权凝滞不动，可流通股持有主体以散户为主，股市缺乏必要的机构投资者。这些内生了股市的投资炒作机制，使投资者权益无法得到侏障。

Accordingly, it may lead to a deliberate unmatchedness of institutions. Hence, the empowered group is forced to confront hopelessness and helplessness that are created by the institutional arrangement. Therefore, they are involved in an inescapable paradox in the process of safeguarding their own rights.

制度连接意指行动者通过制度运作中的不良变通和连接制造制度性障碍，从而使得一种有意安排的制度不匹配得以出现，被赋权群体面对的是制度安排造成的无奈和无助，从而进入一个无法摆脱的维权的困局。

The labia have now been sutured together almost completely.The drains and the Foley catheter come out at the top.

此刻阴唇已经几乎完全的缝在一起了，排除多余淤血体液的管子和Foley导管从顶端冒出来。

To get the business done, I suggest we split the difference in price.

为了做成这笔生意，我建议我们在价格上大家各让一半。