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Species richness and Pielou evenness index were used to measure species diversity. Species richness in polluted area was 32-67, while in control area it was 47-82. Pielou evenness index of tree layer was 0.1161-0.8509, while those of shrub layer and herb layer were 0.1763-0.3249 and 0.0443-0.2601, respectively. The results showed that both species richness and Pielou evenness index were influenced by the point source pollution. Species importance values showed significant differences between polluted area and control area. Dominance of different species had changed, and some species even disappeared under the pressure of pollution, indicating a process of species replacement in plant communities. Such species replacement can provide a scientific basis for species selection for restoration of human-damaged ecosystem. The natural regeneration of Quercus variabilis was insensitive to pollution, while Cupressus funebris was effected seriously.

仅在污染区中出现的物种数量远低于仅在对照区中出现的物种数量；(2)可分出4种基本的群落类型：马尾松林、柏木林、栓皮栎林和马尾松＋栓皮栎林，各群落特定层次的物种丰富度指数以及Pielou均匀度指数在污染区与对照区之间存在显著差异；(3)污染胁迫下，物种在群落中的生态优势度发生了变化，反映了群落中不同物种相互替代的过程，这种物种的替代可为今后受损生态系统人为恢复过程中物种的筛选提供一定的理论参考；(4)对群落中王要物种更新的调查发现：栓皮栎林对污染不敏感；柏木林污染区与对照区幼苗数量及分布格局均有明显差异，污染条件下群落未来演替受到严重干扰。

In the procedure of multilevel cyclic loading, the stress-strain curve displays cusped hysteresis loop, which moves toward the direction of strain increasing with time and strain amplitude increasing, indicating the generation of plastic strain continuously.

在多级循环荷载过程中，岩石的应力-应变关系呈现尖叶状的滞后回线，滞后回线随着循环次数的增加向应变增大的方向移动，并不断地产生弹塑性应变。

Significant changes in phytolith assemblages occur at the same depth as four major tephra.indicating a sharp decline in trees and shrubs and a surge in grass and Cyperaceae.

植硅体组合在4个主要的火山灰层都发生了明显的变化，表现在树木和灌木的急剧下降及禾草类和莎草科的繁盛。

Coniferous forest was further reduced,whereas Cyperaceae meadow and/or swamp meadow expanded ,indicating a drop in temperature.

针叶林进一步退缩，且冷杉在针叶林中的含量大于云杉，莎草草甸或沼泽草甸的规模扩大，气温进一步下降

This thesis studies the volcanic tectono-petrofacies, petrology, mineralogy, geochemistry, isotopic chronology, stratum and high-precision SHRIMP zircon U-Pb datings of the Mt.Yandangshan volcano-intrusive complex, and concludes that: Yandangshan volcanic rock units belong to high-K calc-alkaline acid rock associations, mainly ryholitic and trachytic dacitic in composition. They have A/CNK values of 0.9-1.2 (i.e., aluminium saturation and supersaturation), enriched LREE and LILEs and depleted HFSE. Their 8Eu values are 0.11-0.32, indicating a evident fractional evolution of plagioclase crystallization. Their ∑REE varied very limitedly,(87~Sr/(86)Sri ratios and eNd values are 0.7086～0.7095 and -10.20～-9.96 for volcanic rocks, and 0.7087~0.7095 and -7.6～6.92 for the central intrusive facies syenite, which means that all the igneous rocks from Mt. Yandangshan are evolutional products of magmas with the same source, and that they derived mainly from crust, but mixed with mantle components.

本文从火山构造岩相学、岩石学、矿物学、地球化学、同位素年代学、地层学等方面出发，同时结合高精度SHRIMP锆石U-Pb定年，对雁荡山火山岩进行了系统的研究，确定雁荡山火山岩为一套以流纹质和粗面英安质为主体的高钾钙碱性酸性岩石组合，A/CNK值集中在0.9～1.2之间，为铝饱和或铝过饱和类型；富轻稀土元素和大阳离子亲石元素、相对亏损高场强元素：负铕异常明显，δEu值为0.11～0.32，表明岩浆经历了以斜长石为主的强烈结晶分异作用：岩石样品的∑REE变化有限，火山岩样品的~(87Sr/~(86)Sr_i为0.7086～0.7095，εNd为-10.20～-9.96，中央侵入体石英正长岩~(87Sr/~(86)Sr_i为0.7087～0.7095，εNd为-7.6～-6.92，表明它们是同源岩浆分异演化的产物，物质来源主要为陆壳，但有地幔物质参与。

One aspect of appliance design demands a different posture: Status information indicating what cycle the washer is on or what the VCR is set to record should be presented as a daemonic icon, providing minimal status quietly in a corner.

在家电设计中，有一个方面需要不同姿态，即状态信息显示。比如洗衣机运行到什么状态了，录像机正在录制什么节目，这些状态可以用一个后台图标来显示，在某个角落中安静地提供最基本的信息即可。

The results showed that:(1) the upper elevation limit of the closed forests was found to be 4320 m; the timberline elevations was 4520 m on the sunny side with a gradualtype;(2) for the diameter class structure of the populations, most individuals were from Ⅰto Ⅳ, the number decreased sharply with the increase of diameter class, the survival curves were between Deevey type Ⅰ and Ⅱ, with an approximately stalbe trend; the variation trends of mortality rate q(subscript x and hazard ratek(subscript x were similar;(3)the analysis by time sequence model demonstrated that the individuals of the older age class would be increasing, indicating that S.

死亡率q(下标 x和消失率k(下标 x变化基本趋势一致；都在Ⅲ龄级出现低谷；以后死亡率和消失率曲线均随龄级增加而上升；时间序列分析表明；未来种群发展老龄个体逐渐增多。

Thunbergii trees were established, and the sun survivorship curves were drawn with field data. The results showed that in the three plots, the height and basal diameter growth of regenerated young P. thunbergii trees had exponential, linear, and quadratic functional relations with age and the age structure was of spindle, discrete, and pyramid types, respectively. Most of the regenerated young trees were distrbuted at 0.3-1.2 m from their nearest standing trees, and the individuals of the young trees decreased near to or far from the nearest standing trees. Inplots Ⅰ and Ⅲ, the expected average life of regenerated young P. thunbergii trees had a decreasing trend with their increasing age, and the survival number of the population also decreased with increasing population age. The survivorship craves of regenerated young P. thunbergii trees in the two plots approximated to the type of Deevey Ⅱ, indicating that the young P. thunbergii populations in the plots were at stable development stage. The population structure of regenerated young P. thunbergii trees in plot Ⅱ was lesser integral, suggesting that the population was of declining types being related to human disturbance, slope and other environmental factors.

结果表明：(1) 3个样地中幼龄植株高生长、基径生长与年龄均分别呈指数函数、直线和二次函数关系；(2) 3个样地黑松幼龄植株年龄结构存在着明显差异，分别表现为纺锤形、残缺型和金字塔型；(3)幼龄植株主要集中分布在距最近立木0.3~1.2m，离立木越近或越远幼龄植株均逐渐减少；(4)对样地Ⅰ和样地Ⅲ黑松幼龄植株生命表和存活曲线的分析表明，随年龄的增加，黑松幼龄植株生命期望值基本上呈递减趋势，黑松幼龄植株种群存活数也随着年龄的增加而降低；样地Ⅰ和样地Ⅲ黑松幼龄植株种群存活曲线近似于Deevey Ⅱ型，表明2个样地黑松幼龄植株种群处于稳定发展阶段；(5)样地Ⅱ幼龄植株种群结构很不完整，表明该种群属于衰退型，与人为干扰及坡度等有关。

Indicating time relative to the time of utterance; while the latter is not deictic, the time indicated is not relative to the time of utterance, but relative to the time of another event described, or implied, in the narrative.

时和体之间的区别在于：前者是指别的，也就是说指明的时间与说话的时间相关；而后者不是指别的，指明的时间与说话的时间没有关系，却与叙述中描写或暗示的另一个事件的时间有关。

The results were different from that of morphological study, indicating that classification of Dendrobium remain to study further.

这与形态分类有差别，表明石解属植物的遗传多样性和分类有待进一步研究。

But we don't care about Battlegrounds.

但我们并不在乎沙场中的显露。

Ah! don't mention it, the butcher's shop is a horror.

啊！不用提了。提到肉，真是糟透了。