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The top left pixel is considered as the origin of the image with x and y both equal to zero , x increases rightwards across the image and y increases downwards.

左上角的像素被视为图片的原点，此处x和y都等于零，x向右增加贯穿图片，y向下增加。

Filters filter on airflow resistance, resistance to form, filter, resistance increases, when the sulphuric acid resistance increases to a specified value, filter scrap.

过滤器阻力：过滤器对气流形成阻力，过滤器积灰，阻力增加，当阻力增大到某一规定值时，过滤器报废。

With the increase of pressure, the hydrogen bond strength between water molecules increases, while self-diffusion coefficient decreases. With the increase of temperature, the hydrogen bond strength between water molecules decreases, while self-diffusion coefficient increases.

模拟结果表明，随着压强的增大，水分子间的氢键作用增强，扩散系数减小；随着温度的升高，水分子间的氢键作用减弱，有序程度下降，扩散系数增大。

The results indicate that the main erosion type is sheet ero-sion at the beginning of the rainfalls, and serious erosion happens after rill erosion appears. Accumulated sheet and rill erosion amount increases with the rainfalls time. The percentage of sheet erosion amount decreases and rill erosion percent-age increases with time. At the end of the rainfalls, the total rill erosion amounts are 4.3 and 5 times more than sheet ero-sion.

研究结果表明，降雨初期坡面以面蚀为主，细沟出现后，坡面侵蚀将加快加剧；随着降雨时间的延续，累积面蚀量和细沟累积侵蚀量都将逐渐增加，后者的增加速率大于前者，面蚀所占总侵蚀量的百分比随降雨时间呈曲线形式逐渐递减，细沟侵蚀则逐渐增加；试验结束时细沟侵蚀量分别为面蚀量的4—5倍。

With the increase of gas rate of tray holes the velocity of liquid phase on plate only increases a little between caps.The clear liquid height was measured by communicating pipe. The results indicate that the distribution of liquid height is different from traditional trays. The clear liquid height increases with the liquid flow and the height of weir, and decreases with the increase of the gas rate and then return. The gradient of liquid level of CTST is less than that of sieve plate.

应用连通法对立体传质塔板的板上清液层高度进行了系统的测量，结果表明：立体传质塔板的板上清液层高度的分布和传统塔板的分布不同；其板上液层高度随溢流强度和堰高的增大而增大，随板孔气速的增加先降低后又有所回升；与筛板相比较，CTST的板上液面梯度是较小的。

It has been found that there are some texture flaws such as large grain、badly distorted twin and streaky structure. But recrystallization grains ofaround 19μm in diameter on average are obtainable through heat treatment at300℃for 30min by air-cooling, meanwhile the twin and streaky structurethat would weaken the plasticity of alloy are eliminated; significant elementsare holding temperature、holding time、cool-down methods. Mechanicalproperties of tube are obtained, simple tension elongation ratio of arc testsample increases from 10.8% to 20.1%, elongation ratio with elastic internaldie of tube increases from 8.0% to 14.9%.

研究结果表明：挤压成型的AZ31镁合金管材组织中存在变形程度很大的孪晶、大尺寸晶粒、丧失了进一步变形能力的条带状组织等易导致后续塑性加工时变形不均，引起断裂的组织缺陷；采用最佳等温热处理工艺以20℃／min加热至300℃保温30min后空冷处理可以使试样平均晶粒直径从挤压态的50μm细化为19μm，同时基本消除上述组织缺陷；明显影响热处理效果的因素为保温温度、保温时间、冷却方式；室温下，采用最佳工艺热处理前后管材弧形试样的单向拉伸伸长率由10.8％提高至20.1％，管件的自由胀形极限伸长率由8.0％提高至14.9％。

Chapter four studies the chaotic responses in a system consisting of simple pendulum and harmonic oscillator under bounded noise excitation. Firstly, the Melnikov function of the two-degree-of-freedom system under Hamiltonian perturbation is derived. The essential condition of the autonomous system for the probable onset of chaos is obtained, the Poincare maps of the system under small Hamiltonian perturbation and the effect of increasing perturbation on the Poincare maps are studies. Then for the non-autonomous system under damping and harmonic or bounded noise excitation, the largest Lyapunov exponent and Poincare maps are calculated. From the analysis of the largest Lyapunov exponent, the critical criterion for the onset of chaos, and the conclusion that the threshold of bounded noise amplitude for the onset of chaos in the system increases as the intensity parameter of Wiener process increases are obtained. The result from the analysis of Poincare maps is in agreement with that obtained from the Largest Lyapunov exponent. The effect of varying damping coefficient and intensity parameter of Wiener process is also analyzed.

第四章研究了有界噪声激励下的两自由度单摆—谐振子系统的混沌运动，首先推导了该两自由度系统仅在Hamilton扰动下的Melnikov函数，得到该自治系统可能产生混沌的必要条件；研究了该系统在小的Hamilton扰动和增大摄动情形下的Poincare截面；然后对有阻尼、谐和或有界噪声激励下的非自治系统数值计算了其最大Lyapunov指数和Poincare截面；从Lyapunov指数分析得到了这个两自由度系统产生混沌运动的临界条件及产生混沌的临界激励幅值随Wiener过程强度参数值的增大而增大的结论，Poincare截面分析的结果亦符合Lyapunov指数分析的结论；研究了Wiener过程强度参数、阻尼系数变化对Poincare截面的影响。

For the axicons with 20 mm radius, 10-2 cone angle, when using incident spherical wave whose radius of curvature varius from 1200 mm to 1400 mm, the focal length increases from 200 mm to 120 mm and the lateral intensity distribution increases only 15μm.

对于半径20 mm，锥角θ=1×10－2的圆锥透镜，采用曲率半径为1200~1400 mm的球面入射波，可扩展焦深200 mm到120 mm，光强的均匀性有明显改善，横向场能量分布形状改变量不超过15 μm，完全达到应用要求。

The growth and nucleation rates of〓 cleavage face of YbYAB crystal are all very fast, because so many growth steps and growth centers were formed within only 2～3 second at the temperature near the saturate point. No spiral growth steps can be found, so growth mechanism is twodimensional nucleation. When the flux temperature increases for only 0.5℃ above the saturate point, the spiral melting holes are formed. The transformation from growth morphologies to melting morphologies is very sensitive to the temperature. When the temperature increases another 1℃, the spiral melting holes transform into two-dimensional nucleation melting holes.

YbYAB的〓解理面的生长及成核速度都非常快，在比饱和点低0.5～1℃的温度下，当生长2～3秒钟时，可以看到许多生长中心与生长台阶的形成，在较宽的台阶上还可以看到二维核的形成，没有看到螺旋中心，说明生长机理是二维成核生长；当温度比饱和点高0.5℃时，在〓解理面上形成螺旋状熔坑，这表明形貌由生长到熔化的转变与温度的关系是非常敏感的；当温度比饱和点高1.5℃时，螺旋状熔坑转变为二维成核状熔坑。

Starting resistance increases with increase of thickness of mudstone layer, and increase of buried depth, and heightening of diagenesis degree, and decrease of sandy content, the ultra-pressure of fluid in pores increases as much as starting resistance with the change of above factors.

启动阻力随着泥质岩层厚度的增大、埋藏深度的增加、成岩程度的增强、砂质含量的减小而增大，孔隙流体超压也随上述因素的变化与启动阻力等量增大。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。