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During the postgenomics era the information about genomic sequence and gene functions provides a new foundation for evolutionary biology and ecology As the first whole-genome sequenced plant Arabidopsis thaliana and its wild relatives have played a critical role in understanding the evolution of genomics and speciation Both A halleri and A lyrata are closely related to the model species A thaliana A halleri ssp gemmifera occurs in northeastern China Japan and Taiwan; while its sister A halleri ssp halleri is mainly distributed in Europe Geographical barriers such as Tienshan Mountain Range isolate these intraspecific sisters Likewise A lyrata ssp kamchatica and ssp lyrata occur in East Asia and North America respectively Such distribution patterns seem to be consistent with allopartic speciation The comparison between ancestral and extant polymorphism by multilocus can be informative about the population genetics of speciation In this study we collected and analyzed DNA sequences of 98 genes from four wild relatives of A thaliana A halleri ssp gemmifera A halleri ssp halleri A lyrata ssp kamchatica and A lyrata ssp lyrata The ancestral states of these four species were compared to each other in terms of level of genetic variation However the ancestral species at the time of speciation were substantially more polymorphic than the extant geographical populations The observations are not fully compatible with speciation by strict allopatry At some species pairs parapatric speciation seems more reasonable in speciation of Arabidopsis The 98 gene sequences are also used for the congruence test between gene genealogy and species phylogeny Only 28 genes support the species phylogeny but there are 23 genes supports another major genealogy { lyrata} thaliana Based on the phylogenetic position change of A lyrata ssp kamchatica and Ks value for each species pair suggested the recent directional gene flow between A halleri ssp gemmifera and A lyrata ssp kamchatica

阿拉伯芥是第一个完成基因体定序的开花植物，其基因体资讯提供植物学研究的重要依据；在解析阿拉伯芥属物种的亲缘关系以及种化机制等重要的演化议题时，阿拉伯芥近缘的野生物种自然成了不可或缺的关键；跟阿拉伯芥近缘的物种包括A halleri及A lyrata，其中A halleri ssp gemmifera主要分布於中国东北、日本以及台湾，与近缘的A halleri ssp halleri其分布於欧洲隔著天山及大陆的障蔽，而A lyrata ssp kamchatica主要分布於东北亚及台湾，与分布於北美五大湖的A lyrata ssp lyrata被北极圈所分隔，这样的分布模式暗示异域种化的可能。藉由多基因分析比较祖先物种与现生物种遗传歧异度的相关可提供讯息探讨种化时期的族群遗传结构，本研究针对A halleri ssp gemmifera、A halleri ssp halleri及A lyrata ssp kamchatica、A lyrata ssp lyrata四个物种，两对互为亚种的姊妹群，以阿拉伯芥为外群进行研究，在四个物种完成98个同源基因的分子序列，利用套装软体MCMCcoal来估算祖先物种的遗传变异，亦估算现生物种的核苷酸歧异度，观察到？多物种配对中祖先物种遗传多型性大於现生物种DNA歧异度，显示异域种化模型并无法完全解释阿拉伯芥属物种的种化模式，在某些物种配对间邻域种化模式应比异域种化更为可能；在基因树与物种树的比较，98个基因片段的亲缘模式只有28个是与已知物种树一致的，有23个基因其树状图支持{ lyrata} thaliana的型式，藉由kamchatica位置的变化以及估算各物种配对间的平均同义置换率，推测在A halleri ssp gemmifera与A lyrata ssp kamchatica间具有近代的单方向基因交流。

Several early 14th-century theorists referred to the idea of an Ars Antiqua, represented primarily by Franco, and an Ars Nova instituted by Philippe de Vitry(see, for instance, CoussemakerS, iii, 371,408),but in historical terms the usefulness of the idea is supported more by the treatise Ars novae musicae(c1320)of Johannes de Muris, the 1324-5bull lf Pope John XXII decrying the musicians who were 'novellae scholae discipuli' and the reference in Jacobus of Liege's Speculum musice to 'moderni cantores' and to'aliquinunc novi'.

一些十四世纪早期的理论家已经谈到以弗朗科为首要代表的古艺术的观念，新艺术是由维特利建立起来的，但从历史角度来看，这一观念的实用价值更多是由穆里斯的论文《新音乐艺术》、1324-1325年教皇若望二十二世贬斥那些"信奉新学派"的音乐家们的训令，以及列日的雅各布的《音乐明鉴》中所提到的"当代歌手"和"一些现在的认识"支撑着。

the chinesesword, first known as weapon used on the battlefield, has been available for other uses other than military use alonesince the cavalryman didn't need to cut andstrike in wars as times went by.it functions as the limited transferring from the reward and power in emperors' hand, converts to enthusiasm of decoration representing the class, age and reflecting thesocialstatus in the ornamental band worn by nobles, deepens to the concepts of "three cutting-edges and four blades" in the hands of martial artists in terms of developing technologicalsystems of various ways and forming the performingstyle of"gong xing zui mian "aspecial way of performingsword posing as the regular , running, andsoft-typescript in chinese calligraphy, or as a drunk man trying to demonstrate the proficiency instriving for the balance in performance.

剑，首先从战场格杀进入人们视野，后来随着骑兵作战对砍劈的需要逐渐从军事前台退出，被人们移作他用。第一，进入社会生活的剑，在王者对剑"天下"和"军权"的新解读中，作为权力的象征和控制的对象，剑成为王者的赏赐之物和权力的有限让渡。第二，进入社会生活的剑，原先兵剑制作对硬度和韧性的考究，在达观贵族的佩带中转化装点的热情、形成"带剑"阶层和年龄的界定，并从不同装点和规定中折射社会地位。第三，进入社会生活的剑，兵剑实践形成的锋之刺、刃之斩技术，在武术人手中深化为"三锋四刃"的认识，建构了不同方法的技术系统，形成了"工行醉棉"演练体式；在大众手中成为砍病魔、挥心理阴影的健康道具。

"Work" means the literary and/or artistic work offered under the terms of this License including without limitation any production in the literary, scientific and artistic domain, whatever may be the mode or form of its expression including digital form, such as a book, pamphlet and other writing; a lecture, address, sermon or other work of the same nature; a dramatic or dramatico-musical work; a choreographic work or entertainment in dumb show; a musical composition with or without words; a cinematographic work to which are assimilated works expressed by a process analogous to cinematography; a work of drawing, painting, architecture, sculpture, engraving or lithography; a photographic work to which are assimilated works expressed by a process analogous to photography; a work of applied art; an illustration, map, plan, sketch or three-dimensional work relative to geography, topography, architecture or science; a performance; a broadcast; a phonogram; a compilation of data to the extent it is protected as a copyrightable work; or a work performed by a variety or circus performer to the extent it is not otherwise considered a literary or artistic work.

本著作」指依据本授权条款提供的文学及艺术创作，包含但不限於以任何方式或形式表达之文学、科学及艺术范围之制作物，例如：书籍、小手册及其他撰著；演讲、演说、布道及其他类似同性质之著作；戏剧著作或歌剧著作；舞蹈著作或默剧；含歌词或不含歌词之音乐作曲；电影著作及其他藉由与电影摄影技术类似之程序表达之同类著作；素描、绘画、建筑、雕塑、雕刻或版画之著作；摄影著作及其他藉由与摄影技术类似之程序表达之同类著作；应用艺术著作；插图、地图、设计图、素描及地理、地形、建筑或科学相关立体著作；表演；广播；录音物；和可受著作权保护的资料编辑；或不属於文学或艺术创作的各式表演人或马戏团表演人所表演的创作。

H. "Work" means the literary and/or artistic work offered under the terms of this License including without limitation any production in the literary, scientific and artistic domain, whatever may be the mode or form of its expression including digital form, such as a book, pamphlet and other writing; a lecture, address, sermon or other work of the same nature; a dramatic or dramatico-musical work; a choreographic work or entertainment in dumb show; a musical composition with or without words; a cinematographic work to which are assimilated works expressed by a process analogous to cinematography; a work of drawing, painting, architecture, sculpture, engraving or lithography; a photographic work to which are assimilated works expressed by a process analogous to photography; a work of applied art; an illustration, map, plan, sketch or three-dimensional work relative to geography, topography, architecture or science; a performance; a broadcast; a phonogram; a compilation of data to the extent it is protected as a copyrightable work; or a work performed by a variety or circus performer to the extent it is not otherwise considered a literary or artistic work.

h。 「本著作」指本授权条款下提供的文学及艺术著作，包含但不限於以任何方式或形式表达之文学、科学及艺术范围之制作物，例如：书籍、小手册及其他撰著；演讲、演说、布道及其他类似同性质之著作；戏剧著作或歌剧著作；舞蹈著作或默剧；含歌词或不含歌词之音乐作曲；电影著作及其他藉由与电影摄影技术类似之程序表达之同类著作；素描、绘画、建筑、雕塑、雕刻或版画之著作；摄影著作及其他藉由与摄影技术类似之程序表达之同类著作；应用艺术著作；插图、地图、设计图、素描及地理、地形、建筑或科学相关立体著作；表演；广播；录音物；和可受著作权保护的著作同样受保护的资料编辑物；或种种表演人或马戏团表演人表演的不被视为文学或艺术著作的著作。

Article 13Where a debt restructuring is made by a combination of the liquidation of a debt by assets, the liquidation of a debt by non-cash asset, the conversion of a debt into capital and the modification of other terms of a debt, the creditor shall offset, one by one, the cash received, the fair value of the non-cash asset received, and the fair value of the shares to which the creditor becomes entitled, against the book balance of the debt to be restructured, then handle it in accordance with Article 12 of these Standards.

第十三条债务重组采用以现金清偿债务、非现金资产清偿债务、债务转为资本、修改其他债务条件等方式的组合进行的，债权人应当依次以收到的现金、接受的非现金资产公允价值、债权人享有股份的公允价值冲减重组债权的账面余额，再按照本准则第十二条的规定处理。

This chapter starts with the determination of primary sense of under. Then it focuses on how its spatial senses are extended from the central image schema to its transformations by metonymy. Next, this part also focuses on how its metaphorical senses are extended in terms of the central image schema and transformations by metaphor. In these analyses, this thesis summarizes four kinds of relations: the relation of UP-DOWN, the relation of HIGH-LOW, COVERING relation or the relation of IN-OUT and the relation of SOURCE-PATH-GOAL. Lots of metaphorical senses of under are derived from these basic spatial relations. In this thesis, the relations between the senses derived from central image schema and those derived from its transformations are explored at length. The relations between the spatial senses derived from central image schema and transformations and the metaphorical senses derived from them are also explored at length. The above analyses demonstrate that the sense extension of the spatial preposition is motivated by image schema, which also provides the root for metonymic and metaphorical extension. The semantic network of under is diagramed finally.

论文首先确定了under的首要意义；然后集中探讨了它的空间意义如何从中心意象图式，通过转喻形成许多变体，从而得以延伸；接着分析了它的隐喻意义如何从中心意象图式及其变体通过隐喻而得以延伸，在此分析中，本论文总结了四种关系：上—下关系﹑高—低关系﹑覆盖关系或里—外关系和起点—路径—目标关系，under的很多隐喻意义源于这些基本的空间关系；本论文还对源于中心意象图式的空间意义与源于其变体的空间意义的关系进行了详细的剖析；对源于中心意象图式与其变体的空间意义及其延伸的隐喻意义之间的关系，也同样进行了详细的剖析；通过分析论证了，意象图式是空间介词义项扩展的源泉，同时也为转喻和隐喻提供了基础；最后得出under的语义网络。

If, after the date of the execution of this Agreement, the PRC local or national government or any other local or national public body or authority in the PRC that has the power to make decisions or rules binding upon the JV Company adopts any new PRC Law, amends or repeals any provision of any existing PRC Law, or adopts any different interpretation or method of implementation of any PRC Law ("Change of Law"), and such Change of Law will, upon application by the JV Company and the Party concerned, and upon approval by the relevant government authorities, result in treatment of the JV Company or of any Party substantially more favorable than afforded by the terms of this Agreement (without resulting in less favorable treatment of the other Party), then the JV Company and the Party concerned shall promptly apply to receive the benefits of such more favorable treatment and the other Party shall use all reasonable efforts to facilitate such application.

如本合同开始履行之后，任何有决策权的中国当地或国家政府部门或任何其它中国当地或国家公共机构或单位实行新的法律，修订或废止任何现有中国法律的任何条文，或对任何中国法律的执行方法做出新的解释，并且本合资公司和相关一方采用该法律变更并经有关政府部门批准之时，使得本合资公司及其相关各方的待遇与本合同的条款相比大大的受惠(不对另一方的利益构成损害)，则合资公司和相关一方应即刻采用以便更多地受惠，另一方也应积极配合予以协助。

Findings of the study indicate: 1 Chinese EFL learners overuse those modal verbs that appear earlier in textbooks, and underuse those modal verbs characterized by interpersonal functions as well as those often used for unreal conditions; 2 modal verbs in learner language tend to be preceded by personal pronouns and followed by main verbs which are aspectually unmarked and neutral in terms of voice.

研究发现：1我国非英语专业学习者书面语中过多使用教材中较早涉及的部分情态动词，而较少使用可以表达委婉语气和虚拟条件的情态动词；2学习者书面语中的情态序列呈现两方面的特点，即在情态动词之前过多使用人称代词作为情态动词短语的主语，而在情态动词之后过多地使用体和语态都无标记的动词形式。

Methods The literature was searched in Web of Science citation database (1998-2008) by using the following terms:"schistosomiasis*" or " schistosoma " or "schistosome". The searching results were analyzed by the Derwent Analytics software concerning the article numbers and the total citations by countries, institutes and authors, and journal distribution, in an effort to discover schistosomiasis research progress in and outside China.

以Web of Science引文数据库为检索对象，分别从有关血吸虫病研究的不同国家、机构和作者的发文量，文献被引频次和载文期刊的分布情况等分析1998～2008年国际和国内的研究热点。

And Pharaoh spoke to Joseph, saying, Your father and your brothers have come to you.

47：5 法老对约瑟说，你父亲和你弟兄们到你这里来了。

Additionally, the approximate flattening of surface strip using lines linking midpoints on perpendicular lines between geodesic curves and the unconditional extreme value method are discussed.

提出了用测地线方程、曲面上两点间短程线来计算膜结构曲面测地线的方法，同时，采用测地线间垂线的中点连线和用无约束极值法进行空间条状曲面近似展开的分析。