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The reflectivity of ligneous material's surface to CO2 laser is substantiated by experiment, then the mathematics model of the reflectivity is set up according to the basic principle of optics.

通过试验证实了木质材料表面对CO2激光反射的存在，根据基本光学理论建立木质材料表面对CO2激光的反射率数学模型。

The principle and evaluation index of PSO are discussed in detail, which is based on analyzing likelihood function of ARMA model.

在分析基于ARMA模型似然函数的基础上，详细分析了PSO的思想、方法和评价指标。

The maximum likelihood function of the fatigue life was proposed based on the maximum likelihood principle, and it was born out that the maximum likelihood method could be used for the fatigue analysis.

基于极大似然原理，推导出关于疲劳寿命的极大似然函数，并证明了将极大似然方法用于疲劳分析的可行性。

This paper discusses the method and principle of lime softening treatment of water.

阐明了石灰软化水处理的原理及方法。

Abtracts:This paper introduces Zhjiang University SUPCON DCS system's main application in the mine limekiln, a brief description of its working principle; At the same time, a detailed description of the lime kiln process and control flow.

摘 要：本文介绍了浙大中控DCS系统在矿山石灰窑的主要应用，简单说明了其工作原理；同时详细说明了石灰窑的工艺及控制流程。

Steelworks limekiln was analysed in article characteristic of 2 class system and existence problem, advanced the principle that overall design program, plan designs, develop of the architecture that introduced a system, network attacks structure.

文中分析了炼钢厂石灰窑二级系统特征及存在新问题，提出了总体设计方案、方案设计的原则，介绍了系统的体系结构、网络拓扑结构。

The studies by first-principle are much less due to the limit of computational efficiency.

由于计算资源的限制，第一性原理研究一般仅停留在几个原子的尺度上。

Such as in the legislation of administrative procedure,whether protection of the reliance should be treated as a norm of law or as a principle of law or as an aim of the legislation,whether protection of the reliance includes procedural protection except for substantive protection,whether balance is required between the reliance and the public interest,whether time limit should be put on the requisition right,and so on.

在构成要件上，是否需要与公共利益相权衡？在保护请求权上是否需要设定时效？等等，这些问题需要在立法上引起足够重视并得到妥善解决，以让信赖保护能够收到良好的效果。

The modest restraint principle in norms of criminal law proves the ground in the following four aspects:its decisive role in criminal legal system;the humanness requirement in criminal law;the limitedness of criminal law,and the economic nature of criminal law.

刑法规范谦抑原则主要有四个方面的合理根据，即：它是由刑法在法律体系中的地位决定的，是刑法人道化的要求，是刑法有限性的使然，是刑法经济性的体现。

For obtaining a formula for the local traveltime computation, we invoke the Fermat principle and a condition for limiting the position of the incident point.

为了得到局部走时计算公式，利用费马原理和关于入射点位置的限定条件。

He paid $5,000 for this cupcake.

他我这个纸杯蛋糕花了5000美元。

I mean, if you want to, that is

我的意思是，如果你们想吃的话。