查询词典 in evidence

The credibility of a witness may be attacked or supported by evidence in the form of opinion or reputation, but subject to these limitations:(1) the evidence may refer only to character for truthfulness or untruthfulness, and (2) evidence of truthful character is admissible only after the character of the witness for truthfulness has been attacked by opinion or reputation evidence or otherwise.

对证人的可靠性可以通过意见证据或名声证据的形式予以质疑或支持，但受下列限制：(1)证据只能针对可信或不可信的品行，并且(2)关于可信品行的证据，只能在该证人的可信品行已受到意见证据或名声证据或其他证据的质疑之后，才具有可采性。

This article discusses the reasons why character evidence affects witness authenticity from the logical relevance and the legal relevance angle,giving the elimination rule of the character evidence and the exceptional case in the criminal procedure,and has proven the effect of guilty decision evidence and the honorary evidence on the witness authenticity,and the relevant rules should set up.

本文从逻辑相关性与法律相关性的角度探讨了品格证据能够影响人证真实性的原因，论述了刑事诉讼中品格证据排除规则及例外情况，论证了有罪判决的证据及名誉证据对人证真实性的影响以及应设立的相关规则。

Consequently, the power of free proof of evidence in rule-of-law nations was vested in judicial judges, in order to ensure the proof of facts in a right way in cases, which is called free proof and highly valued in countries of the Continental Law System as "foundations of findings of fact without prejudice, Magna Charta of principles of proof of evidence, and non -convertible choice of evidence system in its evolution".

因此，近代以来，法治国家为了保证具体案件中事实认定的正确，纷纷赋予事实审理者自由判断证据和自主认定事实的权力，由此在诉讼中确立了自由心证制度。在大陆法系国家，这一制度被广泛地誉为"无偏见的事实认定的基石、证据判断原则的大宪章、证据制度进化过程中的不可逆转的选择"。

This article focuses on the collection system in our country in the Civil Evidence that the two main parties and the courts the right to collect evidence and perfect the collection of evidence for the parties to focus on collecting evidence of their right to procedural safeguards; for the court focused primarily on the collection of its ex officio evidence of the limitations and restrictions of power.

本文将着重研究我国民事证据收集制度中两大主体即当事人和法院的证据收集权利及其完善，对于当事人证据收集侧重于对其证据收集权利的程序保障；对于法院主要侧重于对其依职权收集证据权力的限制和约束。

In the part I, the concept, development and current lawmaking status of E-mail are introduced. In this part, the writer states the source, development and basic technical principals of E-mail and analyses its current application status and the importance of effectiveness identification of being evidence. Besides, related international laws on E-mail and lawmaking status in many countries are introduced. Present situation of our country's lawmaking and related model laws since the utilization of E-business and E-mail are also stated and discussed. Part II emphasizes on the differences between E-mail and traditional evidences and generalizes the characteristics of E-mail, i.e.: forgeability, changeability, dependence, uncertainty, duplicatability and transmission. Through the detailed analysis, the writer concludes that it is the above-mentioned characteristics to hinder E-mail becoming the effective evidence. Part III is the key one of this article and mainly discusses the effectiveness identification of E-mail as evidence. In this part, the writer states how the 5 characteristics of E-mail mentioned in Part II to affect the validity and authenticity of E-mail as evidence.

第一部分介绍了电子邮件的概念、发展及立法现状，在该部分中笔者详细阐述了电子邮件的产生、发展以及电子邮件运作的基本技术原理，论述了电子邮件目前的应用状况以及解决其作为证据被认定问题的重要性，同时还介绍了世界上与电子邮件有关的相关国际规范以及各国立法的情况，并讨论了我国自电子商务及电子邮件使用以来的立法现状以及相关的典型立法；第二部分重点阐述了电子邮件与传统证据的区别，并将这些区别归纳为电子邮件作为数据电文的一种类型所具有的特殊属性，即：易伪造性，易修改性，依附性，原件不确定性，易复制和传播性，通过对这些特性的详细阐述，得出了这些属性是导致电子邮件无法成为有效证据的主要障碍的这一结论；第三部分是本文的重点，着重讨论了电子邮件证据效力的认定问题，该部分主要阐述了第二部分提及的电子邮件的五个特性造成了电子邮件证据在合法性和真实性这二方面的障碍。

I think there are two aspects should be perfected. On Capacity of evidence, we should carry out direct wordage principle in litigation, set up franchise rules, exclude illegally obtained evidence. On weight of evidence, we should establish the principle of free evaluation of evidence through inner conviction, and give the evaluation necessary restrict in order to ensure the heart proof impersonally.

本文认为，在证据能力方面，我国应当在诉讼中贯彻直接言词原则，设立特权规则，对重大违法的证据予以排除；在证明力方面，应当确立自由心证原则，并对心证以必要的制约，以保障心证的客观化、合理化、公开化。

It not only impacts the change of the System of Criminal Evidence;in larges the scope of criminal evidence,makes more and more non—natural things into the view of criminal evidence;but also provides new means for collecting and preserving the criminal evidence.while makes a new challenge on this.

科技影响了刑事证据制度的变迁；扩大了刑事证据的范围，使越来越多的非61然物进入证据之列；对于收集、固定和保全刑事证据，既提供了新的手段，也提出了新的挑战；同时对于刑事证据的采信规则也产生了影响。

Firstly, This text has described information fusion technology characteristic, form structure and concrete processing method, and application of information fusion in fault diagnosis proves the feasibility and validity from the angle of information theory. Based on this,it is combined the fault diagnosis of aeroengine with Information fusion, a method and model which the fault diagnosis of aeroengine information fusion is brought forward. a research which combined neural networks with D-S evidence is brought forward. Based on the analysis of single neural network characteristic, the model of roted neural network is put forward. With the simulation based on the example, we can know evidence theory fusion improved the fault diagnosis It is hard to give the basic probability function in the process of using the evidence theory, So the model based on network and D-S evidence is put forword.

本文首先论述了信息融合技术的特点、形式结构和具体的处理方法，并从信息论的角度论证了信息融合技术在故障诊断中的可行性和有效性；在此基础上，将航空发动机故障诊断与信息融合相结合，提出了一种基于信息融合技术的发动机故障诊断模型和方法，并在此基础上，提出和分析了基于人工神经网络和D-S证据理论的信息融合故障诊断，研究了神经网络的建模方法、组建原则和实现策略，并结合诊断实例进行了分析；提出了基于D-S证据理论的决策融合，阐述了D-S证据理论的方法，模型，并结合算例进行了分析。

The rule of criminal evidence includes rules and principles and prescripts about the concepts of evidence in criminal proceeding and achieving evidence and providing evidence and affirming evidence, which are ruled and affirmed in law.

刑事证据制度是指法律规定和确认的关于刑事诉讼的证据及相关概念，以及在刑事诉讼中取证、举证、确证的规则、原则和具体性规定。

Evidence-based management pays more attention in comprehensive and systematic evidence collection, self-creation evidence through work, strict evaluation of evidence and uses this basis as work guidance.

循证管理更加重视全面系统地收集证据、通过自身的工作积累创造证据、严格地评价证据，并以此为基础指导工作。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。