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During the postgenomics era the information about genomic sequence and gene functions provides a new foundation for evolutionary biology and ecology As the first whole-genome sequenced plant Arabidopsis thaliana and its wild relatives have played a critical role in understanding the evolution of genomics and speciation Both A halleri and A lyrata are closely related to the model species A thaliana A halleri ssp gemmifera occurs in northeastern China Japan and Taiwan; while its sister A halleri ssp halleri is mainly distributed in Europe Geographical barriers such as Tienshan Mountain Range isolate these intraspecific sisters Likewise A lyrata ssp kamchatica and ssp lyrata occur in East Asia and North America respectively Such distribution patterns seem to be consistent with allopartic speciation The comparison between ancestral and extant polymorphism by multilocus can be informative about the population genetics of speciation In this study we collected and analyzed DNA sequences of 98 genes from four wild relatives of A thaliana A halleri ssp gemmifera A halleri ssp halleri A lyrata ssp kamchatica and A lyrata ssp lyrata The ancestral states of these four species were compared to each other in terms of level of genetic variation However the ancestral species at the time of speciation were substantially more polymorphic than the extant geographical populations The observations are not fully compatible with speciation by strict allopatry At some species pairs parapatric speciation seems more reasonable in speciation of Arabidopsis The 98 gene sequences are also used for the congruence test between gene genealogy and species phylogeny Only 28 genes support the species phylogeny but there are 23 genes supports another major genealogy { lyrata} thaliana Based on the phylogenetic position change of A lyrata ssp kamchatica and Ks value for each species pair suggested the recent directional gene flow between A halleri ssp gemmifera and A lyrata ssp kamchatica

阿拉伯芥是第一个完成基因体定序的开花植物，其基因体资讯提供植物学研究的重要依据；在解析阿拉伯芥属物种的亲缘关系以及种化机制等重要的演化议题时，阿拉伯芥近缘的野生物种自然成了不可或缺的关键；跟阿拉伯芥近缘的物种包括A halleri及A lyrata，其中A halleri ssp gemmifera主要分布於中国东北、日本以及台湾，与近缘的A halleri ssp halleri其分布於欧洲隔著天山及大陆的障蔽，而A lyrata ssp kamchatica主要分布於东北亚及台湾，与分布於北美五大湖的A lyrata ssp lyrata被北极圈所分隔，这样的分布模式暗示异域种化的可能。藉由多基因分析比较祖先物种与现生物种遗传歧异度的相关可提供讯息探讨种化时期的族群遗传结构，本研究针对A halleri ssp gemmifera、A halleri ssp halleri及A lyrata ssp kamchatica、A lyrata ssp lyrata四个物种，两对互为亚种的姊妹群，以阿拉伯芥为外群进行研究，在四个物种完成98个同源基因的分子序列，利用套装软体MCMCcoal来估算祖先物种的遗传变异，亦估算现生物种的核苷酸歧异度，观察到？多物种配对中祖先物种遗传多型性大於现生物种DNA歧异度，显示异域种化模型并无法完全解释阿拉伯芥属物种的种化模式，在某些物种配对间邻域种化模式应比异域种化更为可能；在基因树与物种树的比较，98个基因片段的亲缘模式只有28个是与已知物种树一致的，有23个基因其树状图支持{ lyrata} thaliana的型式，藉由kamchatica位置的变化以及估算各物种配对间的平均同义置换率，推测在A halleri ssp gemmifera与A lyrata ssp kamchatica间具有近代的单方向基因交流。

In the first charter , the development of Art of Using Concepts is stated in order to make readers know its proceedment. In the second charter ,the difference between the Art of Using Concepts and Apriorism and Expiricism in order to make readers understand the disparaty of Kant's Apriorism and Expiricism. In the third charter, the relation between true thinking and the Art of Using Concepts so that it's necessary that the Art of Using Concepts needs true thinking. In the former charter, the relation between practice and the Art of Using Concepts which indicates that the Art of Using Concepts is based on the practice.

在第一章中，阐述了"运用概念的艺术"的演化过程，主要是让读者了解一下"运用概念的艺术"的发展变化；第二章阐述了"运用概念的艺术"与先验论和经验论是根本对立的，这一章是为了让读者了解"运用概念的艺术"与康德的先验论，经验主义的区别；第三章主要阐述"运用概念的艺术"与"真实的思维"的关系，说明"运用概念的艺术"需要"真实的思维"；第四章主要阐述"运用概念的艺术"与实践的关系，说明"运用概念的艺术"是建立在实践的基础上的。

New ideas and methods in the paper:1 The formulas on perforated casing collapse strength were deducted, which offereda convenient method to analyze the relationship between casing collapse strength and perforation;2 The stress and displacement formulas on the system of casing, cement anddeformation under the non-uniform load were deducted, which offered the theoretical found for designing optimally casing string;3 The relationship between structure in-situ field of whole oil field and casing failurewere studied, which offered the scheme for the prediction of casing failure. The process of study in the paper:1 For simulating the relationship between the structure in-situ field and the casingfailure in the oil-deformation, the tests of the uniaxial tensile, compress, tnaxial compress and dilatability were made on the samples of the drill cores from deformation of casing failure position in Yuejing II oil field.

本文的主要创新： 1推导出了射孔套管抗挤强度的解析式，为分析射孔与套管强度的变化关系提供了简便的方法； 2推导出了非均匀地层载荷作用下套管、水泥环和地层组合体的应力和位移解析式，并非均匀作用下套管柱优化设计提供了理论依据； 3研究整个油田区块构造应力场与套管损坏关系，为预测套管损坏提供了可行方案；本文的研究过程如下： 1为模拟构造应力场与油层段套管损坏关系，做了大量的岩石单轴抗拉、单轴抗压、三轴试验以及岩石遇水膨胀试验，获得了研究区块岩石的弹性模量、泊松比、内聚力、内摩擦角以及岩石的线膨胀系数，这此数据为本文研究油层段套管损坏机理研究的理论分析和有限元法提供了实验数据。

Because distribution boundary between the East Clade and the West Clade was almost the same for the division line of physical environmental heterogenicity between the East and the West within the East Asia (division line between the second and third stage in accordance of topographical disjunction), it was speculated that physical environmental heterogenicity between the East and the West had played a key role in the phylogeny of the complex.

rDNA ITS区比较序列分析和AFLP分析都表明粉花绣线菊复合体各变异类型间已发生了一定程度的分化，确认了基于形态证据对粉花绣线菊复合体内各变异类型的认知，同时也表明ITS序列和AFLP是探讨绣线菊属或亚科种下或近缘种间系统发育关系的有效分子标记。

This research, based on the survey 2379 students of 4 universities and colleges in LiaoNing province, tries to reveal the level and sources of job-hunting and the vocational interests of the normal graduators of LiaoNing province, and discover the relationship between job-hunting stress and vocational interests of normal and un-normal graduators , the difference between grade one and four, grade two and four, grade three and four in job-hunting stress and vocational interests, the relationship between job-hunting stress and 16 PF, and the relationship between vocational interests and 16PF. The result of the research suggests the following.

本研究期望通过对辽宁省师范类大学生的调查，了解辽宁省师范类大学毕业生的就业压力状况和择业取向的状况，以及师范类大学毕业生与非师范类大学毕业生、师范类一、二、三年级之间是否存在就业压力、择业取向差异，就业压力和择业取向与人格特征的关系等。

In studies of interaction among pile, platform that above it and surrounding soil, this paper employ the concept of plate element to simulate the loading character of platform, and employ the concept of solid element to simulate the character of pile and soil, using the finite element method after understanding the geometry properties of pile, soil and the platform. Analyzing the loading properties of the three entities above and their deformation, this paper also employ a special element, Penalty Element. The introduction of penalty element of this kind has served to guarantee the join harmony of displacement between solid element and plate element, thereby effectively resolving the join problem between platforms, pile that support it and surrounding soil.Considering significant property difference between pile material and its surrounding soil, there may be much shear stress on their contact interface produced under vertical load, thus causing displacement or fission. Therefore it is necessary to adopt one special constitutive law of this kind of contact interface, which can reflect its feature of loading and deformation thoroughly. On the basis of the deformation feature and constitutive laws of some contact interface obtained by Zhang Dongji and people concerned through some single-shear experiments on contact interface between structure and soil, this paper employ one pile-soil three-dimensional constant thickness contact interface model to simulate the " slide" taken place on the interface between pile and its surrounding soil. With this kind model, this paper has also created one finite element model, which can be applied to perform finite element calculation and analyze the pile-loading feature, and deduced its element stiffness matrix.

在承台-桩-土共同作用中，考虑桩与承台的几何特性，采用有限元方法，用实体单元模拟桩土，用板单元模拟承台，更具体地分析桩和承台的受力特性和变形，而且还采用罚单元—既实体单元与板单元之间连接必须满足变形协调条件，来有效地解决了承台与桩土的连接问题，且在桩土共同作用中，由于桩体结构的材料性能与周围土层性质相差较大，在竖向荷载下有可能在其接触面上产生较大的剪应力从而导致错动或开裂，因此，为了充分反映桩土接触面上的受力及变形特征，应采用一种桩土接触面特有的本构关系，即利用张冬霁等人关于结构与土体接触面单剪试验所得到的接触面变形特征及其本构关系，引入桩-土三维等厚度接触单元来模拟桩与桩侧土之间的&滑移&，在此基础上建立可用于桩基承载性状分析的有限元计算单元模型，并推导出了各单元的刚度矩阵。

Biomechanics of should joint at the empty out and transition moment: In the instant of leaving of the left foot, the angle between shoulder and hip was 27°, the angle of pull was 150°, the angle of axis between shoulder was -12°; In the instant of touchdown of the right foot, the angle between shoulder and hip was 72°, the angle of pull was 151°, the angle of axis between shoulder was -85°, the speed of left shoulder was 2.43 m/s, the speed of right shoulder was

腾空和过渡阶段肩关节的生物力学指标：左脚离地瞬间肩髋角度为27 ，拉引角度为150 ，肩轴角度为-12 ；右脚着地瞬间肩髋角度为72 ，拉引角度为151 ，肩轴角度为-85 ，左肩速度为2.43m／s、右肩速度为1.37m／s；左脚着地瞬间肩髋角度为58 ，拉引角度为136 ，肩轴角度为19 ，左肩速度为3.49m／s，右肩速度为1.89m／s。

The method solves the problems better through adopting the following technical proposal that: the method takes the solid super acid consisting of the VIB group elements or the VIB group elements and the IVB group elements in the periodic table of elements and loaded on a symbiosis molecular sieve as catalyst, and naphtha with the component being C4-C10 as a raw material so as to carry out catalytic cracking reaction at a temperature of between 550 and 700 DEG C, under a pressure of between 0.01 and 0.5 MPa, at a reaction weight space velocity of between 0.1 and 4 hours and with the weight ratio between water and naphtha of between 0.5:1 and 4:1, thereby generating ethylene and propylene.

本发明涉及一种催化裂解制乙烯丙烯的方法，主要解决现有催化裂解制乙烯丙烯催化剂的使用温度高，活性低，乙烯丙烯选择性差的问题，本发明通过使用在共生分子筛上负载由元素周期表VIB族元素或VIB族元素和IVB族元素组成的固体超强酸作为催化剂，以组份为C 4 ～C 10 的石脑油为原料，在反应温度为550～700℃，反应压力为0.01～0.5MPa，反应重量空速为0.1～4小时-1 ，水/石脑油重量比为0.5～4∶1的条件下，进行催化裂解反应生成乙烯丙烯的技术方案，较好地解决了该问题，可用于催化裂解制乙烯丙烯的工业生产中。

For example, I speak to the students and the other another distinction, I have another first in the "an" and "other" Draw a vertical line. then inspire students under the Articles, The distinction between an ponder another and the other on the difference between through the analysis of two Articles 2 and indefinite pronouns between the common feature then from the indefinite article and the article migration between the different mentality out indefinite pronouns between two similar distinction.

例如，我在给学生们讲the other与another的区别时，我就先在another的&an&与&other&之间画一条竖线，然后启发学生根据冠词the、 an之间的区别去思考the other与 another之间的区别，即通过分析两个冠词与两个不定代词之间的共同特征，进而从不定冠词和定冠词之间的不同迁移思维出两个不定代词之间类似的区别。

Sediments of this system were sequentially extracted in natural granularity. The result showed that there was a good linear relationship between organic matter and org / bact P contents in sediments. This organic matter in sediments was the source of org / bact P. The total phosphorus in sediments dominated the content of total dissolved phosphorus and phosphate in interstitial water. In addition, there were good relatiohships between total phosphorus in sediment and the total dissolved phosphorus in interstitial water, and between total phosphorus in sediment and phosphate in interstitial water. FeP and AlP in sediments were correlative with Eh and phosphate in interstitial water, respectively. This showed that the FeP and AlP contents were affected by Eh in interstitial water and the total content of FeP and AlP dominated the content of phosphate in interstitial water.

对沉积物—间隙水中磷形态的连续提取分析发现，自然粒度下，沉积物中有机质含量与沉积物中有机/细菌聚合磷存在很好的线性相关性，说明沉积物中有机质是有机/细菌聚合磷的源；沉积物中总磷决定间隙水中总溶解性磷和溶解性磷酸盐的含量，并且总磷与间隙水中总溶解性磷和溶解性磷酸盐存在很好的相关性；沉积物中FeP和AlP分别与间隙水中的Eh和溶解性磷酸盐存在相关性，说明Eh的大小严重影响FeP和AlP的含量，但是FeP和AlP含量之和又主导着间隙水中溶解性磷酸盐的含量。

This paper discusses design and realizable methods of remote test output interface from logical design angle.

本文从逻辑设计的角度讨论遥测输出接口的设计及实现方法。

This also 星体投射plies to buildings, structures and geological features.

这也适用于建筑物和地质特征。