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However, there were some defects in the EF model given by Rees W E in 1999, i.e. inaccurate of the productive and equipotent factors, lacking enough consideration for the functions differences of ecological system, and static EF model. A Modified Ecological Footprint Model was proposed according to the problem and deficiency mentioned above.

文章针对Recs W E等提出的生态足迹模型中存在的问题与不足（如：产量因子和当量因子参数选取偏差，生态功能差异表现不充分，模型不具动态性等）提出了改进生态足迹模型。

Two optimal filter are recommed to filter of IMC system,One,is ITAE filter that comform to the minimum integral of time-multiplied absolute error,i,e,J=∫｜e｜tdt→min,Other is Butterworth filter that have a good character of idea low-pass filter.

推荐两种滤波器作为IMC系统的滤波器。一种是ITAE滤波器，它符合时间乘绝对误差积分值最小的优化原则，即J =∫|e|tdt→min ；另一种是Butterworth滤波器，它具有很好的理想低通滤波器特性。

Let E be a full 4 degree Steiner topology (i.e. the topology of the tree which contains fixed points of degree 1 and moving points of degree 4) on the set V such that the set of topology H includes E and it′s degenerate cases.

设E为点集V上的满4度Steiner拓扑(满Steiner拓扑也就是满足固定点的度为1，可动点的度为4的树的拓扑)，H为包含E在内的所有E的退化拓扑的集合。

The peak currents i p and peak potentials E p of the oxidation peaks for sodium dichromate solution of different concentrations, i.e ., water under the existence of sodium dichromate, were experimentally measured at different temperatures and sweep rates v on the electrode.

实验测得不同温度、不同扫描速度 v 、不同浓度重铬酸钠溶液即重铬酸钠存在下水在电极上的氧化峰峰电流ip和峰电位Ep，建立了 i p～ v 1/2和 E p～ln v 方程，表明电极反应是主要受扩散控制的不可逆反应。

Base on the classical problem of the theory of optimal stopping──the secretary problem,k-th choice problem is worked out(k managers choose k secretaries ).The optimal stopping rule is given,and we proved that the optimal value of probability is the kth item of Poisson distribution with parameter k.i.e.e￣-K/k!.

从最优停止理论的经典问题──秘书问题出发，构想了K个经理从N个姑娘中各选一秘书的问题，证明了其最优规则，得出了概率最优值是参数为K的泊松分布的第K项，即e￣k￣k／k从！

Significant processing steps can include: a phase changes involving either the desired molecule or the solvent, inert carrier or vehicle, e.g., dissolution, crystallization, evaporation, sublimation, distillation or absorption; b a phase separation such as filtration or centrifugation; c any chemical change involving the desired molecule, e.g., removal or addition of water of hydration, acetylization, formation of the salt; d an adjustment of the solution containing the molecule such as adjustment of pH or pO2; e a precision measurement of contained or added BPC components, in-process solutions, recycled materials is performed, i.e., weighing, volumetric measuring, optical rotation, spectrophotometric determinations, etc.; and f changes occur in surface area, particle size, or lot uniformity, e.g., milling, agglomeration, blending.

意义较大的步骤可能会包括：a相变化，包括指定分子或溶剂，惰性载体或溶媒，如溶出作用，结晶，蒸发，升华，蒸馏或吸附；b相分离，如过滤或离心；c涉及指定分子的任一化学变化，如结晶水的除去或添加，乙酰化作用，成盐；d包含分子的溶解的调节，如调节pH或pO2；e 含有或添加原料药组分，过程内溶液，回收物料的精密测量，如，称重，体积测量，旋光度，分光光度测定，等和f 表面，粒度，或批一致性的变化，如磨碎，凝块，混合。

A boiler water controlling system with basifier a mg/L Na3PO4+b mg/L NH3+c mg/L NaOH is investigate in the paper. Several calculate methods are discussed and the precision pH value calculating equation is proposed for a cycle chemistry system that has seven changing parameters coexisting together, i. e. a mg/L Na3PO4+b mg/L NH3+c mg/L NaOH+d mg/L H2SO4+e mg/L CH3COOH+f mg/L CO2+g mg/L SiO2. As an example of equilibrium phosphate treatment, the pH value are obtained and showed in graphics with the four kinds of impurity changing from 0 to 1.0 mg/L. The calculating results can be used in practical boiler water pH value control.

对于一个采用a mg/L Na3PO4+b mg/L NH3+c mg/L NaoH碱化剂的炉水控制体系，主要讨论在炉水中存在d mg/L H2SO4+e mg/L CH3COOH+f mg/L CO2+g mg/ L SiO2 4种杂质时炉水pH值的计算方法，得到通用的pH值计算表达式；并以炉水平衡磷酸盐处理工况为例，计算这4种杂质在0-1 mg/L变化时，其单独或联合作用对炉水pH值的具体影响程度，以6幅图形展示计算结果，该结果可应用于炉水pH值的实际控制。

Six-stage counter-current extraction experiments were carried with two different solvent to raffinate ratio i.e. E/R=4, 8. A better result was found with E/R=4, that gave 90% in oil recovery and 8~9% oil concentration in extract.

本研究建立多级逆向萃取的数学模式，并分别以两种溶剂与固体比(E/R=4，8)进行实验，验证数学模式的实验结果显示E/R=4效果较佳，六级的逆向萃取，萃取收率达90%且萃取液浓度可维持8~9%。

The probing behaviors of the tea green leafhopper, Empoasca vitis Gothe, on nine tea cultivars were studied by videotext Direct Current-Electrical Penetration Graph, i. e. DC-EPG. Following seven types of waveforms produced by the leafhopper stylet probing were determined: A, stylet pathway formation; S, salivation when stylets pierce into and stay in phloem; C, active ingestion before stylets reach phloem; E and F, passive ingestion in phloem; R, the insect resting with its stylet inserted into the leaf tissue and NP, not probing.

应用可视DC-EPG方法研究了假眼小绿叶蝉在9个品种茶苗上的口针刺探行为，共发现并初步确定了7种主要波型，即A波、S波、C波、E波、F波和R波、以及非刺探波NP波。A波为刺探波，S波为口针向韧皮部刺探和进入韧皮部中的分泌唾液波，C波为口针到达韧皮部之前的主动取食波，E波和F波为口针在韧皮部中吸收波，R波为取食间歇波。

Using a long-term reared housefly population which is very susceptible to pyrethroid insecticides as the susceptible strain, a population collected in 1993 in Shanghai and has been treaded by cyhalothrin as the resistant strain, we bioassayed their susceptibility to organophosphorus, carbamate, pyrethroid and organehloride insecticides. We also investigated the role of metabolic enzymes, i. e. esterase, GST, MFO and of target enzymes, i. e. AChE and 〓-ATPase in resistance to insecticides. Cyhalothrin resistance inheritance, the co-toxicity coefficient of cyhalothrin and methylene dithiocyanate was also studied. The insecticides resistance in adults and larvae of houseflies was compared and the mechanism of resistance differences between adults and larvae was discussed.

本文以采自野外并经过室内多代筛选的三氟氯氰菊酯抗性家蝇品系和室内多年饲养的敏感家蝇品系为试虫，测定了抗性家蝇品系和敏感家蝇品系对拟除虫菊酯杀虫剂三氟氯氰菊酯、氯菊酯、有机磷杀虫剂DDVP、氨基甲酸酯杀虫剂残杀威、有机氧杀虫剂DDT的抗性水平，并通过活体增效剂实验和离体生化实验研究了抗性品系的解毒酶和靶标酶的变化，本文还研究了三氟氯氰菊酯和增效剂I对抗性家蝇的增效作用及增效机理、家蝇幼虫和成虫对杀虫剂的抗性差异及其抗性差异的机理。

According to the clear water experiment, aeration performance of the new equipment is good with high total oxygen transfer coefficient and oxygen utilization ratio.

曝气设备的动力效率在叶轮转速为120rpm～150rpm时取得最大值，此时氧利用率和充氧能力也具有较高值。

The environmental stability of that world - including its crushing pressures and icy darkness - means that some of its most famous inhabitants have survived for eons as evolutionary throwbacks, their bodies undergoing little change.

稳定的海底环境─包括能把人压扁的压力和冰冷的黑暗─意谓海底某些最知名的栖居生物已以演化返祖的样态活了万世，形体几无变化。