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The vapour and plasma ignition times of the target are got based on the equation of heat conduction and cascade model. We suppose that the plasma is ignited when 210 generations of new electrons are born in vapour generation time. The influence of temperature on the thermodynamics and optics parameters of material also have been considered in the model. The resulting theory has good agreement with the experiment and overseas report. A blade method to measure the laser spot is given in this paper with validation and error analysis. The plasma threshold of metals in atmosphere and water ambients both are diagnosed with the light deflection and piezoelectric transducer. A Q-switched pulsed Nd:YAG laser operating at infrared (1064nm), visible(532nm) and ultraviolet (355nm) wavelengths has been used. Al、Fe、Cu are used as targets and get a similar results with both method. Theoretical and experimental analyses are applied on the influence of wavelength on the threshold have been done, both of which have shown that the plasma threshold of metals decrease as the laser wavelength increases; The plasma threshold of metals are higher in water than in air and the pressure of the shock wave in water is five times higher than in air.

从热传导方程和雪崩电离机制出发，假设当电子增值2~(10)倍时，考虑了温度对材料热力学和光学参数的影响时，得到了气化和等离子体点燃的时间，利用该模型进行计算得到的结果与国内外报道及自行通过实验测得的阈值基本一致；提出了利用刀刃法测量激光光斑面积的方法，并通过实验进行了验证和误差分析；利用光偏转装置和压电换能器分别对空气和水中金属等离子体点燃阈值进行了实验诊断，激光器均为调Q—YAG激光器(波长1064nm，532nm，355nm，脉宽10ns)，靶材分别为Al、Fe和Cu，两种测试方法得到的等离子体点燃阈值基本一致；本文从实验和理论计算两个方面讨论了波长对等离子体点燃阈值的影响，均得到了等离子体点燃阈值随着波长的增加而减小的结论；对空气中和水中不同环境下金属等离子体的点燃阈值进行了比较研究，得到了金属在水中的等离子体点燃阈值比空气中的大，且水中产生的冲击波的压强是空气中的5倍左右的结论。

By assessing the equity issue in the expansion of the british higher education, this paper concludes that, in fact, many of the inequities in access to higher education are formed in the stages of primary and secondary education.

通过研究英国高等教育扩张中的机会公平问题，本文总结到，大量的高等教育机会不公平是隐性的，是在基础教育以及中级教育阶段就已经形成的。

To higher professional education, practical teaching has the functions of being equivalent, complementary, as it is compared with theoretic teaching. Thus it cannot be replaced by theoretic teaching because of its importance. Practical teaching is the key in fulfilling the goal of cultivating the talented, and it is also one of the important criteria in judging the quality of education and the main difference from normal higher education.

在高职教育中，实践教学不仅与理论教学具有等价性、互补性和不可替代性，其地位和作用甚至要超过理论教学，是高职教育实现人才培养目标不可或缺的环节和手段，是衡量教育质量高低的重要指标，也是区别于普通高教的主要标志。

So it is suitable for higher receiving point. T-shaped structure has a good reducing noise effect at the area lower than 2m behind the noise barrier. The insertion loss is between 1.7 and 2.4dB higher than that of the erective noise barrier.

在屏障后50m距离、高度20m的插入损失仍能达到3.4dB，比直立形高出3.2dB，适合用于防治高度较高的噪声敏感点噪声。

In addition, the maximum velocity in larvae was significant higher than those in pupae and adults. In vitro inhibition studies of larvae AChE indicated that the I50 values of 20-d larvae were higher than those of 10-d larvae when treated with eserine, malaoxon and carbaryl, respectively, suggesting that AChE in 20-d larvae was less sensitive to the inhibitors.

通过对幼虫AChE离体抑制作用测定表明，毒扁豆碱、马拉氧磷和西维因对20d龄幼虫的抑制中浓度I50均高于10d龄幼虫，说明20d龄幼虫体内的AChE对3种抑制剂的抑制作用更不敏感。

Higher body mass index was significantly correlated with higher testosterone and lower total estradiol, estrone, progesterone and sex hormone binding globulin in midlife women.

在中年女性中更高的体重指数显著和更高的睾酮水平和低的总雌二醇、雌激素、孕酮还有，性激素结合球蛋白相关。

Higher body mass index was significantly correlated with higher testosterone and lower total estrogens (estradiol, estrone, progesterone) and abnormal sex hormone binding globulin level in midlife women.

高体重指数呈显着正相关，与睾酮水平较高和较低的总雌激素和异常性荷尔蒙结合球蛋白级中年妇女。

On the particular characters of modern higher learningThe modern higher learning has the particular characters of nationalism and ethicism and liberalism and scientism since people have gone to a modern society.

国家主义、民族主义、自由主义与科学主义是大学知识现代性的四个重要面向。

It is shown that compared to conventional HSLA steel, DP steel and TRIP steel have relatively higher ability to ensure the strain distribution much evener and obtain much higher formability, which will improve the part strengths remarkably.

研究结果表明，与传统HSLA钢板相比，DP钢和TRIP钢具有较好的应变均化能力，和较高的成形性，有利于提高零件的使用强度。

When τ's value was less than 0.1, the HCVAW arc was exhibitive of diffusedshape with lower energy density instinct; and when τ's value was higher than 0.5,the arc was a fine-constricted arc with higher energy density.

在电弧电流密度超过临界值时，电弧自生磁场对电弧产生的收缩作用超过了电弧中各种粒子的扩散作用，HCVAW电弧由此而发生了形态上的转变。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。