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It has been warranted through experiments and practical application that rare-earths-high-aluminium heat-resistant nodular iron has some intrinsic properties which are worthy of reconimandation, namely,that it will not scale after long periods of use at 1050-1100℃, will hardly break while being hammered into castings, runners or risers as the high-temperature tensile strength reaches 14-19 kg/mm2 at 800℃ or≥l3.3kg/mm2 at 900℃, with the room temperature strength close to HT 30-50 and the unnotched impact str...

本文介绍了稀土高铝耐热球墨铸铁的生产实践、化学成分；探讨了稀土作用及其用量和控制；论述了稀土和铝加入方式以及冷却速度对金相组织的影响；并对铸造工艺、铸件缺陷及分析、耐热性能及使用效果作了阐明。试验和使用证明：稀土高铝耐热球墨铸铁在1050～1100℃长时间工作不起氧化皮，热强度800℃时，14～19kg/mm~2，900℃时≥13.3kg/mm~2，室温强度近于HT30—54，a_k≈2～6kg·M/cm~2，锤击铸件或浇冒口，很难碎裂，并能机械加工。可以认为是以我国富产资源为原料，能用各种炉子熔炼、耐热和综合机械性能均较高硅、中硅中铝球铁、高铝片墨铸铁为高的一种耐热铸铁，也是镍铬系耐热材料较好的替代品。

In this way, it is important to keep both the growth rate and the growth level as high as possible, but if one is to be preferred over the other, a stable and high growth level is more desirable than an unpredictably fluctuating growth rate.

通过这种方式，重要的是要保持增长速度和增长水平尽可能高，但如果要优于其他，一个稳定和高速增长的水平是更可取的突然波动比增长率。

With the support of a major research grant of Zhejiang Province (No. 001101027) and the Plan of Promoting Education of Excellence of Zhejiang University in the 21st Century, this dissertation is devoted to address the above problems and fabricate an L-band EDFA with low cost, high performance and technological innovation.First the mechanism of an erbium doped fiber amplifier is introduced. Various theoretical models based on classical rate propagation equations are summarized and compared for their applications. We use a modified numerical model based on the Giles model, which agrees with the experimental results well. This serves as the theoretical base for the whole thesis and will be used to optimize the characteristics of EDFAs. A novel method based on a map of noise figure and gain is proposed to analyze efficiently the dependence of the noise figure and gain for EDFAs on the EDF length and the pump power. The characteristics of various EDFAs are studied and compared.Secondly, some important parameters are introduced to describe the characteristics of EDFAs. The methods and the experimental setups for measuring the gain and noise figure of an EDFA are emphasized. We introduce how to measure the characteristics of each component of an EDFA, especially the gain and absorption coefficient of an erbium doped fiber.Thirdly, four types of simple and novel L-band EDFA structures with low noise, high gain and low gain ripple are proposed to satisfy the requirement of a DWDM system. They can be classified into two categories. In the first category, a single ASE pumping is served asa secondary pump. This category includes the following three types. Type: a new construction using a fiber Bragg grating in an unpumped EDF section at the input side. Type: a new structure of L-Band EDFA with two-stage pumps, which utilizes the forward ASE as a second pump.

本论文本着科技创新、服务于生产实践的精神，以设计价格低廉，性能优越、结构合理简单的L-band EDFA为目标，依托浙江省科技厅重大科学基金资助项目(001101027)和浙江大学振兴教育计划资助的全光网络的搭建—《光通信技术》课程实验建设项目，展开了如下工作：首先，介绍了掺铒光纤放大器的工作原理，归纳总结了基于速率方程基础的EDFA的各种理论模型，分析比较了各个模型的特点和适用场合，最终选择完善的Giles理论模型作为本论文分析设计EDFA的理论基础；针对实际实验条件提出了修正的EDFA模型的数值计算方法；创新地提出了增益—噪声系数全局分析法，直观有效地分析了EDFA的增益和噪声系数与掺铒光纤长度和泵浦功率的依赖关系，并对各种EDFA的性能作了全面的比较；第二，介绍了掺铒光纤放大器特性参数的定义与测量方法，重点介绍了噪声系数和增益系数的测量方法及实验装置；介绍了组成掺铒光纤放大器各组件的特性测量方法，重点介绍了测量掺铒光纤参数的方法和实验装置；第三，针对WDM系统对L-band EDFA谱平坦、低噪声、高增益的要求，我们创新地提出了四种不同的L-band EDFA结构，按设计思路可以分为两大类：一类是基于单抽运二级泵浦法，这一类包括在未泵浦掺铒光纤的输入端插入一根布拉格光纤光栅的两段L-band的EDFA的新结构；基于前向ASE光作为二级泵浦源推动下一级EDF工作的泵浦分配、两段级联L-band的EDFA的新结构；基于单根光纤光栅、泵浦分配、两段级联的EDFA；另一类则是基于同时应用前后向C-band ASE作二级泵浦源的双抽运法，如基于前后向ASE光作为二级泵浦源的三段级联L-band的EDFA的新结构。

The function of 3dB fiber loop mirror in fine wavelength partition is studied. With this theory, a novel narrow linear band, dual-wavelength switchable Er-doped fiber laser is realized.2. An unpumped Er-doped fiber and broadband fiber Bragg grating with high reflectivity is served as an auto-tracking filter, where the space hole-burning effect appears when the laser signal travels and forms standing wave, thus the generation of multi-longitudinal-mode is suppressed. Then the high birefringence fiber loop mirror is introduced to act as comb-liked wavelength filter.

主要包括：1、发现3dB光纤环镜的精细波长分割作用，并利用这种分割机制，研制成功一种窄线宽、双波长可转换的掺铒光纤激光器。2、利用未受泵浦的掺铒光纤以及宽带高反射率的光纤布喇格光栅做自动跟踪滤波器，当穿行其中的激光信号构成驻波时，出现了空间烧孔效应，从而抑制了多纵模的产生，引入高双折射光纤环镜做梳状波长滤波器。

In the paper, the factors of the pressure of gas-gathering pipes and high-pressured ammonia water was controlled unstably in the period of Linhuan Coking Limited Liability Company began to product were analyzed, then effective methods about how the coke workshop and chemicals workshop coordinate to control the pressure of gas-gathering pipes and high-pressured ammonia water well in production were made.

文章对临涣焦化股份有限公司投产初期集气管压力与高压氨水压力控制中的不稳定因素进行了分析，并对炼焦车间与化产车间在生产中怎样配合来做好集气管压力与高压氨水压力的控制提出了行之有效的方法。

Due to their high strength and overall performance, the panels can be used as division and partion wall even the wall is very high and wide. Only steel structure should be used for fixing which is unstalled inside the wall and it is unnecessary to add wall posts. The anti-blast performance is 1.5 higher than that of brick wall.

由于强度高，整体性能好，因此可用作层高高、跨度大的墙体间隔，只要简单地采用钢结构锚固，型钢埋设于墙体内，大跨度，层高高的墙体就无需增加墙面的柱体，其抗冲击性能是一般砌体的1.5倍。

Test results show that (1) the failure modes of the strengthened beams at high temperature can be classified as a flexure failure mode and a flexure-shear one;(2) the flexure failure of the strengthened beams at room temperature may change at high temperature;(3) as compared with the unstrengthened beam, the strengthened beams with higher load are of stronger fire resistance due to the existence of fire coating; and (4) the increase of the strengthening ratio may result in the improvement of fire resistance and the change of failure mode.

结果表明：高温下该类构件的破坏形态大致可分为受弯破坏和弯剪破坏两类，常温下发生弯曲破坏的加固构件有可能在高温下出现破坏形态的转变；虽然加固构件所承受的荷载明显大于未加固构件，但由于防火涂料的保护，其耐火极限仍大于后者；碳纤维布加固量增加有可能导致加固构件的耐火极限延长，同时还可能涉及破坏形态的转变。

In our county for the fist time,"technique"appears in high school curriculum system as independent learning field,"technique curriculum"acquires its unsubstituted status,"General Technique"curriculum enters into high school classroom.

在我国，&技术&第一次作为独立的学习领域出现在高中课程体系中，&技术课程&第一次获得国家课程的本然位置，&通用技术&课第一次走进高中学校的课堂。

The adding of mineral admixtures and high performance water reducer is the key factor of preparing self-compacting concrete, especially high strength and extra strength self-compacting concrete. Mineral admixtures have unsuperseded advantages in improving the workability and durability of self-compacting concrete.

加入优质矿物掺合料及高效减水剂是配制免振捣高性能混凝土特别是高强超高强免振捣混凝土的技术关键所在，由于优质矿物掺合料的&微集料效应&、&火山灰效应&、&滚珠效应&，使其在改善免振捣混凝土工作性，提高免振捣混凝土耐久性方面发挥了不可替代的作用。

The Dimension detection of mechanical parts has the character of untouching, high speed, high precision. So the detection system of mechanical parts is widely used in automated production.

基于机器视觉的零件检测具有非人工接触，速度快，精度高等特点，因此基于流水线的零件自动化检测系统目前广泛应用于工业自动化生产过程中。

You can do some assertiveness training.

你可以进行一些自信训练。

We were well on the path to making a rear-wheel-drive global platform," says Mays."

我们正致力于建立一个后轮驱动的平台，"Mays这样说道。"