查询词典 heat transfer

Shadow effect can not be neglected for thermal analysis of spacecraft,Accroding to the angle between solar light and antenna orbit plane and its orbit location,analytical geometry method was used for accurately calculating solar radiation heat flux distribution of reflector surfaces.To analyze the temperature field under heat flux,the formulations of net radiation flux density between two gray elements and the net flux density of gray surface under external thermal flux were deduced.Based on the characteristic of space environment,the nonlinear temperature distribution in transverse direction of reflector shell self radiation were considered,the finite element formulations were given for orthogonal material layered shell by Galerkin method.A layered element including a inner heat source layer was proposed,and the finite element formulation expressed by DOF of the inner heat source layer were put forward with temperature and heat flux boundarys between adjacent layer.

单馈反射面赋形天线是未来星载天线发展的一个重要形式，分析了基于物理光学、几何光学和几何绕射理论的理想反射面辐射场；介绍了基于几何光学的反射面天线赋形方法；针对赋形过程中辐射场的快速分析要求，比较分析了基于物理光学的Fourier-Bessel和Jacobi-Bessel级数展开方法以及GB展开分析方法；利用GB展开快速分析方法在20GHz频率下对0.6m口径的天线进行赋形分析，实现中国大陆的30dB增益覆盖，通过数值计算研究了固定增益期望下的口径尺寸随频率的变化，以及频率为20GHz的不同尺寸天线赋形后的覆盖目标区域最大增益的变化情况。

The sub-models are interactive and correlative, the primary contents calculated in each sub-model are as follows:(1) Temperature field model: According to actual producing process of hotrolled strip, various boundary conditions were taken into account, including heat losing process such as air cooling, scaling, contacting with roll, cooling between stands, laminar cooling, coil cooling, and heat generating process such as heat of deformation, friction heat, latent heat of phase transformation, and so on.

在本文中，提出以微中浪轧制策略补偿冷却不均造成的板形不良，从理论上分析了微中浪轧制策略的可行性，并给出不同规格带钢的最佳设定值，使微中浪轧制设定由目前依靠经验的尝试性阶段，上升到根据理论计算定量化的描述阶段，对于指导热轧带钢的生产具有重要的意义和实用价值。

This paper analyzed the air-conditioning system of one specific office building in Beijing, calculating the costs of unit cold and heat exergy and the unit cold and heat capacity of adopting GSHP system and air source heat pump system separately. With these numbers as standard for evaluation and comparison, it supports the conclusion that adopting GSHP system is better than adopting air source heat pump system and the heat economics analyzing method is more accurate than that based on energy.

以北京某一办公楼建筑空调系统为背景，选用地源热泵系统和风冷热泵系统两种方案，具体计算出二者的单位冷火用成本和单位冷热量成本，并以此作为评价指标，经分析比较，得出地源热泵系统方案要优于风冷热泵系统方案；以火用为基础的热经济学分析法要比以能为基础的分析法更全面准确。

Exhibit manufactures: Heat preservation system of thin plasterer polybenzene board; Heat preservation system of polymer expand vitrification micro-bead ; Heat preservation grit and slurry system made from glue powder and poly benzene grain; Spot epispastic attemperator, Heat preservation of floor and roof, waterproof grit and slurry, heat preservation ceramic tile felt grit and slurry, calking material, soft water－prof greasy, felt grit and slurry blended gas block, render plasterer blended gas block grit and slurry, level ground grit and slurry and other series products.

参展产品：薄抹灰板、聚合物膨胀玻化微珠、胶粉聚苯颗粒、聚氨酯等墙体、楼板及屋面保温体系；防水砂浆、瓷砖粘结砂浆、填缝剂、柔性防水腻子、加气块粘结砂浆、加气块粉刷抹灰砂浆、地坪砂浆等系列产品。

P. vulgaris: 30℃: The compages of SA 150 mg·L~(-1 and CaCl_2 1500 mg·L~(-1 can increase plant"s heat-resistance observably.32℃: Using SA only 200 mg·L~(-1 can increase plant"s heat-resistance observably.34℃: Using SA only 150 mg·L~(-1 can increase plant"s heat-resistance observably. 36℃: The compages of SA 150 mg·L~(-1 and CaCl_2 500 mg·L~(-1 can increase plant"s heat-resistance observably. 38℃: The compages of SA 150 mg·L~(-1 and CaCl_ 1000 mg·L~(-1 can increase plants heat-resistance observably.

欧报春：30℃：150 mg·L~(-1)的SA和1500mg·L~(-1)的CaCl_2的组合对于提高欧报春的耐热性最好；32℃：单一施用200 mg·L~(-1)的SA达到的效果最好，效果最弱的是单一施用500 mg·L~(-1)的CaCl_2；34℃：单一施用150mg·L~(-1)的SA的效果最强，混合施用200 mg·L~(-1)的SA和500 mg·L~(-1)的CaCl_2的效果次之，单一施用1000 mg·L~(-1)的CaCl_2的效果最弱；36℃：混合施用150 mg·L~(-1)的SA和500 mg·L~(-1)的CaCl_2对于欧报春耐热性的提高效果最好，而单一施用100 mg·L~(-1)的SA的效果最弱；38℃：150 mg·L~(-1)的SA和1000 mg·L~(-1)的CaCl_2混合施用能有效提高欧报春的耐热性，单一施用50 mg·L~(-1)的SA的效果最较弱。

In the spiral pipe heat exchanger exports terminal, the ammonia steam temperature has been heated up 85 ℃--95 ℃, by now, the ammonia steam had the 45kg-55kg/cm2 ammonia steam pressure, sent in the ammonia steam turbine through the constant temperature pipeline, impelled ammonia steam turbine revolving, led the generator electricity generation;After the ammonia steam makes the merit release energy, the temperature drop, the returns ammonia storage tank, passes through again adjusts the press pump to press into the spiral pipe-type heat exchangers to carry on the next circulation;Including the ammonia steam turbine entire ammonia steam road is becomes the independent closed cycle system, is isolates completely with the outside air;The ammonia steam only plays the carryhome and the shift energy role, in the electricity generation process does not consume the actuating medium, the stored energy carrier water also is only gets up the carryhome and the shift energy function,The waterway also is from becomes the independent closed cycle system, in the electricity generation process also the needless water consumption, through the actuating medium ammonia steam and the stored energy carrier water unceasing shuttle service, transforms through the heat interchanger the solar energy as the actuating medium ammonia steam heat energy and the kinetic energy,With the aid of the ammonia steam turbine heat - machine transformation function and the generator machine - electricity transformation function, has realized the solar energy hot - electricity entire conversion process, transforms continuously the solar energy into the electrical energy, power supply for foreign;The low temperature generating system must solve three big technical keys:One, the anticorrosion (has actuating medium has strong corrosiveness), two is Explosion-proof (Some actuating medium Can have the detonation with the air mix when divulging, controls warm malfunction, elevates temperature suddenly also can have detonation), three is guards against the revolution axis divulging

以太阳能低温发电系统为例，低温发电方法是这样进行的：以水作为储能载体的太阳能采集器将太阳能采集起来，将水温提升至85℃--98℃；用氨作为工作介质储于氨储罐及氨汽路中；采用螺旋管型热交换器；用调压泵将氨储罐中的氨汽压入螺旋管型热交换器的螺旋管内，用调压泵将携带太阳能的85℃--98℃的储能载体热水压入螺旋管型热交换器的螺旋管外壁空间进行循环式热交换，在热交换器的螺旋管出口端，氨汽温度已被加热到85℃--95℃，这时，氨汽具有45kg—55kg/cm2的氨汽压力，通过恒温管道送入氨汽轮机，推动氨汽轮机旋转，带动发电机发电；氨汽作功释放能量后，温度下降，返回氨储罐，再经调压泵压入螺旋管型热交换器进行下一次循环；包括氨汽轮机在内的整个氨汽汽路是自成独立的封闭循环系统，与外界空气是完全隔绝的；氨汽只起携带和转移能量的作用，发电过程中并不消耗工作介质，储能载体水也是只起携带和转移能量的作用，水路也是自成独立的封闭循环系统，发电过程中也不消耗水，通过工作介质氨汽和储能载体水的不断循环运行，通过热交换器将太阳能转化为工作介质氨汽的热能和动能，借助氨汽轮机的热—机转化功能和发电机的机—电转化功能，实现了太阳能的整个热—电转化过程，将太阳能源源不断地转变为电能，对外供电；低温发电系统要解决的三大技术关键：一是防腐（有的工作介质具有较强的腐蚀性）、二是防爆（有的介质泄漏与空气混合会产生爆炸，控温失灵，急剧升温也会产生爆炸）、三是防轴漏（汽轮机是动态旋转体，必须解决工作介质的防轴漏问题）。

A mixed heat medium vapor generated by heat input to the stored mixed heat medium is condensed by LNG and returned to the mixed heat medium; collection and complete gasification of the low boiling point components mainly containing methane and the LNG is gasified by condensation to provide an LNG vapor gas. LNG is gasified by performing the Rankine cycle with the mixed heat medium.

一种由供热装置提供热源的混合热媒气体被输入到储藏的混合热媒中，这种混合热媒气体被LNG冷却后送回到混合热媒中，主要包含甲烷的低沸点组分被收集并完全气化，而LNG通过实行Rankine循环被混合热媒气化。

The invention discloses an hot water production method complementary of air heat source and steam exhaust exhaust heat, is characterized by employing an air source heat pump to heat up tap water by temperature of 8-12 DEG C; recycling steam exhaust in washhouse to reheat up the hot water from the air source heat pump by temperature of 55-70 DEG C, and feeding the hot water into a hot water reservoir for standby.

本发明公开了一种空气热源与乏汽余热互补的热水制造方法，其特征在于，采用空气源热泵加热自来水，使自来水的温度升高8～12℃；再回收洗衣房内的乏汽将空气源热泵输出的热水进行二次加热，并将其升温至55～70℃，将所得热水送入热水蓄水池备用。

Based on the settings and geological and geochemical characteristics of granitoids of different orogenic belts (exemplified by orogenic granitoids in Altay, East Kunlun, Yanshan in North China, Northeast China and Nanling in South China), the relationships between granitoids and continental crustal growth are discussed, and five modes of continental crustal growth in the continent of China are proposed;they are as follows:(1)the Altay mode of continental growth is that the material and heat of the Paleozoic convertive mantle formed on the background of the Paleo-Asian Ocean were input into the Paleozoic continent and mixed with the materials of the upper crust;(2) the East Kunlun mode is that the basement of the Proterozoic orogenic belt was reworked by the heat input and materials of the Paleozoic-early Mesozoic convective mantle formed on the background of TTG continental crust of the Proterozoic orogenic belt;(3) the Northeast China style is that the Phanerozoic continental crust was reworked by the heat input and materials from the convective mantle formed on the background of the Yanshanian Central Asian orogenic belt;(4) the Yanshan mode is that the Archean basement was reworked by the heat input and materials from the Yanshanian convective mantle;and (5) the Nanling mode is that in South China what was input by the Yanshanian convective mantle into the continent was mainly heat and subordinately materials and the crustal material recycle was the dominant mode for the continental growth (showing zero continental growth).

根据不同造山带花岗岩的形成背景，地质地球化学特征差异，以阿尔泰，东昆仑，华北燕山，东北和南岭造山带花岗岩为例讨论花岗岩与大陆地壳生长的关系，区分出中国大陆的5种大陆地壳生长方式：阿尔泰式是古亚洲洋背景上形成的古生代对流地幔物质，热输入和上地壳混合为主的方式；东昆仑式是元古代造山带TTG陆壳背景基础上古生代—早中生代对流地幔物质和热输入，改造元古宙造山带基底的方式；东北式是燕山期中亚造山带背景上对流地幔物质和热输入改造显生宙陆壳的生长方式；燕山式是燕山期对流地幔物质和热输入改造太古宙基底的方式；南岭式燕山期对流地幔输入大陆的是以热为主，物质为辅，大陆地壳生长是以陆壳物质再循环为主的生长方式。

The pilot study shows that the ammonia dissociation/synthesis reaction is inherently free of any potential side reaction problems, and also offers phase separation of products. The carrier of heat store is liquid. and is very interesting for long-term storage as it can be carried out at room temperature with no energy losses, Its theoretics energy storage density reachs 66.5kJ/mol, which outclasses sensible or latent heat storage. In comparison to other thermochemical energy storage, ATCES needs lower temperature in endothermic reaction(only 650℃), but It can produce over 550℃ high temperature stream in exothermic synthesiser. Furthermore, the heat store/recovery can change with adapt to the heat source/load automatically, and offers coninuous(24 h) production of heat, These advantages will see a rapid increase in the adoption of large-scale concentrating solar thermal power generation.

初步研究表明：采用氨基储能体系，储/释过程无副反应，且储能介质能自然发生相分离；储热载体为流体，并可在室温下长期无热损储存，理论储能密度达66.5kJ/mol，远高于显热或相变蓄热；与其它热化学储能相比，吸热反应温度低，仅需650℃，而放热反应可产生500℃以上的高温，能量的储/释流量可随热源/负荷自适应变化，且可全天供热，更适合作为聚光式大规模太阳能热力发电中的能量储存系统。

Finally it offers the analysis of the fault-tolerance system as well as its test verification.

这样，运行于空间环境中的系统的设计目标就是在保证系统实时性

However, it is still difficult to find out the real reason of the increase of the keratinized gingiva during the orthodontic extrusion whether it is due to the proliferation of the gingival tissue or to its elastic nature, that is because the proliferation of the fibroblasts as well as the connective tissue changes in volume and the intra-fibers spaces were all immeasurable in most of the studies.

然而，仍然难以找到真正的原因增加的角化牙龈在正畸挤压它是否是由于扩散的牙龈组织或其弹性性质，这是因为增殖的成纤维细胞以及作为结缔组织的变化量和内部纤维空格都是不可估量的，大多数的研究。