查询词典 heat loss

Based on a computing model of floor heating residences, indoor thermal environment and heat distribution under the effect of heat charge/discharge, operation control and solar radiation has been concluded. Concept and formula of equivalent heat supply has been put forward which indicate that actual heat supply will be equal to the sum of design heat supply and equivalent heat supply. Recommend coefficient has been given taken Dalian as an example. Computed according to the new method, design heat supply can be reduced to 37% in cloudy day and 43.3% in sunny day, energy saving effect is very obvious. In Tromb wall solar house, effect of concrete wall on indoor temperature swing and attenuation of temperature wave is very obvious. While the outdoor air-temperature swing exceeds 10℃, indoor air-temperature swing belows 3℃. In the experiment, maximal difference in temperature between inner surface and outer surface of the 300mm wall exceeded 10℃. Heat storage and collector efficiency varies adversely according to solar radiation. Factors such as thickness, material, absorptance of the wall and permeation of the glass cover all have big influence on heat storage and collector efficiency. There exsisted an optimal thickness of the wall, which can make the best of heat storage and collector efficiency. Most of the heat stored in conventional Trombe wall during the daytime has been lost to the outside at night without heat preservation. Heat preservation on the outside surface of the wall has effectively improved heat release performance of the wall at night, heat supply to the room has increased too.

通过建立的地板采暖系统动态热性能分析模型，得出了在蓄放热特性、运行方式和太阳辐射等因素耦合作用下的室内热环境及热量分配比例，提出了等效供热量的概念及计算公式，指出实际所需供热量应等于设计供热量加上等效供热量，并以大连为例，给出了等效供热量的修正系数，以新方法计算，阴天可减少设计供热量37％，晴天最大可以减少设计供热量43.3％，节能效果显著；集热蓄热墙式太阳房中，混凝土蓄热墙的室温均一化效果和对温度波的削减作用非常明显，当室外温度波动最大幅度超过10℃时，室温波幅不超过3℃，实验中300mm厚墙体内外表面温差超过10℃；墙体蓄热效率与集热效率随太阳辐射照度的变化呈相反的变化趋势；墙体厚度、材料、表面吸收率以及盖板透过率等因素对集热和蓄热效率均有较大的影响，存在一个最佳的墙体厚度值，使得墙体集热和蓄热综合性能最优；传统的蓄热墙夜间没有外保温，辐射散热损失很大，研究表明墙体外保温方式明显改善了蓄热墙夜间的散热性能，增加了向室内的供热量。

The method of CFD numerical simulation is employed to replace experimental investigation. Hence, STAR-CD of the commercial software is used to simulate the outer flow field and heat transfer performance of integrated heat sink with heat pipes cooled by airflow. It is found that simulated results agree with experimental results well, which indicates that simulation method is reasonable and reliable. Further, simulated computations for different fin thickness, fin pitches and air velocities are performed to analyze their effects on heat transfer performance of heat sink. Finally, a new optimized structure of integrated heat sink with heat pipes is provided to meet future demands for cooling CPU and its heat transfer is also evaluated. For multi-heat source and higher dissipation power of electronic devices, the integrated heat sink with heat pipes attatched fins stagged in different positions of channels is presented and its flow and temperature fields are also simulated to enhance heat transfer. As a conclusion, all mentioned above are useful for the design of heat sink with excellent efficiency of heat dissipation and further research.

应用商业软件Star-CD对CPU集成热管散热器的外部流场和传热特性进行了数值模拟，将数值模拟结果和试验结果对比，验证了所提出的数值计算方法是可靠和可行的；利用此数值模拟方法对CPU集成热管散热器在不同散热翅片间距、厚度和气流速度下散热器的流动与传热性能进行了数值计算，分析了这些参数的变化对散热器传热性能的影响；针对未来CPU冷却的要求，确定了与最优气体流速匹配的最佳翅片间距、厚度的CPU集成热管散热器的新结构；利用试验评测了根据数值模拟提供的新结构开发出的新CPU集成热管散热器的传热性能；最后在场协同强化传热的理论的基础上，对CPU集成热管散热器的散热翅片错位排列来强化散热器的散热，满足未来大功率、多热源的电子元件的散热，为今后进一步优化散热器提供了依据。

In order to make the right evaluation of the state which is the consumption consume of the steam line system, we make an test of the heat loss of the steam line network. And we also probe into the heat loss of the steam line system and the factors. In order to solve the heat inefficency of the steam line system, we look into the present situation of the steam line network and the state of heat preservation. Then we found the open questions and the weak points of heat preservation. We make the evaluation and affirm the reason of the heat inefficency of the system. We adopted the combination of bench test and engineering optimization, then we screened out high-quality adiabator, and designed the best heating composition. We designed and developed the software"The analysis and optimization of energy of the steam line system in thermal production" It can offer convenience to the computational analysis of heat loss of the steam line system. It can also be used for design calculation and experimental verification of steam pipeline feasible radial-radius, so it can offer technical support for the reduce of heat loss of the system, the raise of well head steam quality and the raise of heat efficicency of the steam injection system.

为了对输汽系统的用能状况作出正确的分析评价，对输汽管线热损失进行了测试计算，对输汽系统热量损失及影响因素进行了探讨；为了解决输汽系统热效率低的问题，从输汽管网现状及管道保温状况调查入手，掌握存在的问题和保温薄弱环节，做出分析评价，确认导致系统热效率低的原因，采用室内试验与工程优化相结合的办法，筛选出优质保温材料，设计最优保温结构，同时设计开发了&热采输汽系统能量分析及优化软件&，为输汽系统热量损失计算分析和保温结构优化提供了方便，还对输汽管线合理辐射半径进行了设计计算及实验验证，从而为降低系统的热能损失，提高井口蒸汽干度，提高注汽系统的热效率提供了技术支持。

Water inside vacuum heat- collection tubes; since the hot medium inside vacuum tubes floats up and cold one goes down due to respective specific gravity, hot and cold mediums convections up and down to cause the heat conduction, furthermore transfer the heat to the related working medium in the heat tubes, the working medium sorbs the potential heat and becomes steam to rise up to the condensing section from the tube heat evaporating section; it emits the heat in condensing section to change again into liquid working medium; it flows back to evaporating section under the gravity action, the emitted heat is transferred into the water inside water tank or tube group by means of the heat-conduction through heat tubes condensing section; it makes the cold water in water tank into hot water in the repeated way.

阳光透过全玻璃真空集热管的外玻璃，照射到涂覆在内玻璃管外表面的选择性吸收涂层上，涂层将太阳的辐射能吸收并转化为热能，通过内玻璃管壁导热，传递给真空集热管内其液态传热介质，由于真空集热管内热的介质因比重小而上浮，冷的介质因比重大而下沉，冷热介质上下对流传热和导热，再通过热管的金属壁导热，将热量传递给热管内其相变工质，工质吸收汽化潜热而变成蒸汽，由热管蒸发段上升到冷凝段，在冷凝段放热冷凝，又变成液态工质，在重力作用下流回蒸发段，所放出的热量通过热管冷凝段金属管壁导热，传递给水箱或联集管内的冷水，周而复始，于是便将水箱内的冷水全部加热成热水。

First is enhances the boiler the heat energy transfer rate,(1) changes the vertical chimney to the horizontal-type chimney, reduces the speed of flow, Increase the time which the actuating medium and the boiler hot flame doing heat change;(2) changes the high temperature system sole medium sole heat transfer area to many kinds of medium the multi-channel heat transfer area(2-6 medium, 2-6 heat transfer area, this article takes four medium, 4 heat transfer areas confer elaboration), the increase heat transfer flow path through many times heat absorption,Lets the pot furnace coal flame heat energy as far as possible much transmit gives the actuating medium, Enables the quantity transfer rate from the present 60%--75% enhances to is bigger than 95

第一是提高锅炉的热能转移率，（1）将立式烟囱改为卧式烟囱，降低流速，增加工作介质与锅炉热焰气的热交换时间；（2）将高温系统单一介质的单一换热区改为多种介质的多道换热区（2—6种介质， 2—6道换热区，本文取四种介质，4道换热区加予论述），增加换热流程，通过多次吸热，让工作介质尽可能多地把锅炉煤焰气的热能传递给工作介质，使能量转移率从现在的60%--75%提高到大于95

--- Method and apparatus for abstracting water from air wherein in a first phase of a recurring cycle a stream of cool, moist air from the atmosphere first cools a first heat storage condenser (1) and then humidifies a hygroscopic medium (14); in a second phase a stream of warm air additionally heated by solar radiation expels moisture from the hygroscopic medium and carries the moisture into said first heat storage condenser (1) where it condenses, releasing condensation heat, and drains away; in a third phase another stream of cool, moist air from the atmosphere first cools a second heat storage condenser (2) and then rehumidifies the hygroscopic medium, and in a fourth phase another stream of warm air heated by solar energy again expels the moisture from the hygroscopic medium and carries the moisture to said second heat storage condenser where it condenses and drains away, and wherein the warm air streams of the second and fourth phases, are preheated using the heat of condensation picked up by the said second heat storage condenser (2) in the fourth phase and the heat of condensation picked up by said first heat storage condenser (1) in the second phase, respectively, before being additionally heated by solar radiation and being used to expel moisture from the hygroscopic medium.

摘要---方法和仪器取水，从空气，其中在第一阶段的周期性循环流冷静，潮湿空气从大气中的第一冷却的第一个蓄热冷凝器（ 1 ），然后humidifies一吸湿中等（ 14 ）；在第二阶段流的暖空气此外，激烈的太阳辐射驱逐水分从吸湿中等，并进行水分成表示，第一蓄热冷凝器（ 1 ）凡它凝结，释放出凝结换热，及雨水渠的距离；在第三阶段另一流的冷静，潮湿空气从大气中冷却，第一第二蓄热冷凝器（ 2 ），然后rehumidifies该吸湿中等，而在第四个阶段的另一流的暖空气加热太阳能再次驱逐水分从中期和吸湿性带有水分说，第二蓄热冷凝器而凝结及排水渠远离，和其中的暖空气流，第二和第四阶段，预热用热凝结回升，由说，第二蓄热冷凝器（ 2 ）在第四个阶段和热凝结回升，由说，第一蓄热冷凝器（ 1 ）在第二个阶段，分别之前，此外激烈的太阳辐射和被用来驱逐水分从吸湿中等。

At a certain range, habitat loss and its spatial structure can benefit the control of the epidemic disease, which indicates the possibility of using human disturbance in habitat as a potential epidemic-control method in conservation.(6) Not only the quantity of habitat loss but also the spatial correlations of patch types caused by nonrandom habitat loss affect the invasion and transmission of disease. More fragmented landscape (high amount of habitat loss, low clustering of lost patches) hinders the parasitic infection, which also indicates that whether the spatial heterogeneity benefits or hinders the invasion is dependent on the considered ecological process.(7) Two components of the spatial heterogeneity (the amount and spatial autocorrelation of the lost habitat) form a trade-off in determining the host-parasite dynamics.(8) Within a certain range of habitat loss, host can counterbalance the positive and negative effects, and shows a rising tendency.(9) The epidemic is more likely to break out in the prey-predator system if only a small amount of habitat loss.(10) A highly aggregated distribution of species is a common behavioral strategy when dealing with habitat loss or other environmental stresses.(11) The parasite-host/prey-predator eco-epidemiological systems have the similar mechanism with the intraguild predation systems, and the predator acts as the intraguild predation, the infected prey acts as intraguild prey, and the susceptible prey acts as shared resource.(12) Species at the highest trophic level are no longer affected the most by habitat loss, which depend not only on the biological mechanism but also on the external environmental disturbances.

随着邻体数目的增加，病毒的感染力度变得更大而且在空间上形成聚集的波形；(5)生境破坏及其空间结构在一定范围内有利于疾病的控制，这暗示人为对生境的干扰可作为疾病控制的一个潜在方法；(6)生境破坏的数量以及不同类型生境的空间分布格局都显著地影响了寄生病毒的入侵和传播，生境破碎化程度越高(高丧失斑块的数量或低聚集程度)，将越有害于病毒的入侵和传播，这暗示了空间异质性是否有益于物种的入侵依赖于所考虑的生态过程；(7)由生境破坏引起的空间异质性的两个组分之间存在负偶联关系trade-off(8在适度的生境破坏范围内，宿主种群能够平衡生境破坏带来的正负两种效应并呈现增长趋势；(9)在捕食-食饵系统中，寄生感染病毒极有可能在生境破坏量较低时爆发；(10)物种在面临生境破坏或者其它环境压力时表现出更高的聚集分布策略；(11)寄生-宿主/食饵-捕食生态传染病系统与共位捕食食物网结构具有相似的生物机制，其中捕食者扮演共位捕食者的角色，已感染食饵作为共位食饵，易感染食饵扮作共同消耗的资源；(12)位于最高营养级水平的种群对生境破坏的响应不一定是最敏感的，这不仅依赖于内在的生物机制同时也依赖于外在的环境干扰。

The invention comprises a main body of the reactor, the dynamic heat pipe, fins, a turbine, a motor, a transmission mechanism and a cold air jacket; the segment of the dynamic heat pipe in the main body of the reactor is a heat absorbing section; the segment of the dynamic heat pipe outside the main body of the reactor is a heat release section; the main technology characteristics are that the heat absorbing section of the dynamic heat pipe is connected with a central stirring shaft; and the heat absorbing section is used as a mixing impeller blade.

本发明包括反应器主体、动态热管、肋片、涡轮、电机及传动机构、冷风夹套，动态热管在反应器主体内的一段为吸热段，在反应器主体外的一段为放热段，其主要技术特征在于动态热管的吸热段与中心搅拌轴连接，吸热段作为搅拌桨叶。

Some parameters such as Indoor radiation heat transfer, convective heat transfer, MRT, OT, radiation heat transfer coefficient, convective heat transfer coefficient, and PMV-PPD were calculated under a steady condition. From the result, we can conclude, when operation under the combination system and worst-case test, if floor temperature is about 21℃, supply air temperature is 21℃, air velocity is 1m/s, the equlvalent coefficient of heat transfer between floor temperature and OT is 13.6w/m2k, where 5.68w/m2k is equlvalent coefficient of radiant heat transfer, 9.48w/m2k is convective heat transfer coefficient. And when air velocity is higher, supply air temperature is lower, the radiant heat transfer between floor and others is lower. In the whole experiment, the floor temperature was keeping above the indoor air dew point, and condensation was not appeared.

通过分析计算，在复合式系统运行中，最不利室外环境下，当地面温度维持在21℃左右，送风温度21℃，送风风速1m/s，此时地板对作用温度的当量综合换热系数为13.6w/m2k，其中当量辐射换热系数为5.68w/m2k，对流换热系数为9.48w/m2k，并且送风速度越高、送风温度越低，地板与其他壁面的辐射换热量有一定程度的降低，但总供冷量增加；在整个实验中地板温度始终高于地板上层空气的露点温度，并未发现有结露现象；室内空气温度梯度能满足0.1m-1.1m的温差小于3℃的要求，并且适当提高送风温度可以进一步提高人体的热舒适性。

EXCLUSIONS 4 In no case shall this insurance cover 4.1 loss damage or expense attributable to wilful misconduct of the Assured 4.2 ordinary leakage, ordinary loss in weight or volume, or ordinary wear and tear of the subject-matter insured 4.3 loss damage or expense caused by insufficiency or unsuitability of packing or preparation of the subject-matter insured (for the purpose of this clause 4.3 "packing" shall be deemed to include stowage in a container or liftvan but only when such stowage is carried out prior to attachment of this insurance or by the Assured or their servants) 4.4 loss damage or expense caused by inherent vice or nature of the subject-matter insured 4.5 loss damage or expense proximately caused by delay, even though the delay be caused by a risk insured against (except expenses payable under Clause 2 above) 4.6 loss damage or expense arising from insolvency or financial default of the owners managers charterers or operators of the vessel 4.7 deliberate damage to or deliberate destruction of the subject-matter insured or any part thereof by the wrongful act of any person or persons 4.8 loss damage or expense arising from the use of any weapon of war employing atomic or nuclear fission and/or fusion or other like reaction or radioactive force or matter.

EXCLUSIONS 4在任何情况下都不得这个保险 4.1损失损害或费用的原因故意的不当行为的保证 4.2普通渗漏，普通的损失重量或体积，或普通磨损的标的物投保 4.3损坏或丢失所造成的费用不足或不适合的包装或准备受保标的物（目的是这一条款4.3 &包装&应视为包括存放在容器或liftvan但只有当这些堆放进行之前扣押保险或担保或其雇员） 4.4损坏或丢失所造成的牺牲固有的副总裁或性质的标的物投保 4.5损坏或损失近牺牲所造成的延误，即使是延迟所造成的风险保险（除费用缴付根据第2段） 4.6损失损害或费用所产生的破产或财务预设的业主管理人员承租人或经营者的船只 4.7故意损坏或蓄意破坏受保标的物或其任何部分的不法行为，任何人 4.8损失损害或费用的使用中出现的任何战争武器的使用原子或核裂变和/或融合或其他类似反应或放射性武力或事项。

"Please accept this talisman as a token of our thanks."

请收下这个护身符以表达我们的感谢。

If I have that magic, I will be more acceptable in the society.

如果我拥有那种魔法，我将更加被这个社会所容纳。