查询词典 heat exchange

Based on a computing model of floor heating residences, indoor thermal environment and heat distribution under the effect of heat charge/discharge, operation control and solar radiation has been concluded. Concept and formula of equivalent heat supply has been put forward which indicate that actual heat supply will be equal to the sum of design heat supply and equivalent heat supply. Recommend coefficient has been given taken Dalian as an example. Computed according to the new method, design heat supply can be reduced to 37% in cloudy day and 43.3% in sunny day, energy saving effect is very obvious. In Tromb wall solar house, effect of concrete wall on indoor temperature swing and attenuation of temperature wave is very obvious. While the outdoor air-temperature swing exceeds 10℃, indoor air-temperature swing belows 3℃. In the experiment, maximal difference in temperature between inner surface and outer surface of the 300mm wall exceeded 10℃. Heat storage and collector efficiency varies adversely according to solar radiation. Factors such as thickness, material, absorptance of the wall and permeation of the glass cover all have big influence on heat storage and collector efficiency. There exsisted an optimal thickness of the wall, which can make the best of heat storage and collector efficiency. Most of the heat stored in conventional Trombe wall during the daytime has been lost to the outside at night without heat preservation. Heat preservation on the outside surface of the wall has effectively improved heat release performance of the wall at night, heat supply to the room has increased too.

通过建立的地板采暖系统动态热性能分析模型，得出了在蓄放热特性、运行方式和太阳辐射等因素耦合作用下的室内热环境及热量分配比例，提出了等效供热量的概念及计算公式，指出实际所需供热量应等于设计供热量加上等效供热量，并以大连为例，给出了等效供热量的修正系数，以新方法计算，阴天可减少设计供热量37％，晴天最大可以减少设计供热量43.3％，节能效果显著；集热蓄热墙式太阳房中，混凝土蓄热墙的室温均一化效果和对温度波的削减作用非常明显，当室外温度波动最大幅度超过10℃时，室温波幅不超过3℃，实验中300mm厚墙体内外表面温差超过10℃；墙体蓄热效率与集热效率随太阳辐射照度的变化呈相反的变化趋势；墙体厚度、材料、表面吸收率以及盖板透过率等因素对集热和蓄热效率均有较大的影响，存在一个最佳的墙体厚度值，使得墙体集热和蓄热综合性能最优；传统的蓄热墙夜间没有外保温，辐射散热损失很大，研究表明墙体外保温方式明显改善了蓄热墙夜间的散热性能，增加了向室内的供热量。

The method of CFD numerical simulation is employed to replace experimental investigation. Hence, STAR-CD of the commercial software is used to simulate the outer flow field and heat transfer performance of integrated heat sink with heat pipes cooled by airflow. It is found that simulated results agree with experimental results well, which indicates that simulation method is reasonable and reliable. Further, simulated computations for different fin thickness, fin pitches and air velocities are performed to analyze their effects on heat transfer performance of heat sink. Finally, a new optimized structure of integrated heat sink with heat pipes is provided to meet future demands for cooling CPU and its heat transfer is also evaluated. For multi-heat source and higher dissipation power of electronic devices, the integrated heat sink with heat pipes attatched fins stagged in different positions of channels is presented and its flow and temperature fields are also simulated to enhance heat transfer. As a conclusion, all mentioned above are useful for the design of heat sink with excellent efficiency of heat dissipation and further research.

应用商业软件Star-CD对CPU集成热管散热器的外部流场和传热特性进行了数值模拟，将数值模拟结果和试验结果对比，验证了所提出的数值计算方法是可靠和可行的；利用此数值模拟方法对CPU集成热管散热器在不同散热翅片间距、厚度和气流速度下散热器的流动与传热性能进行了数值计算，分析了这些参数的变化对散热器传热性能的影响；针对未来CPU冷却的要求，确定了与最优气体流速匹配的最佳翅片间距、厚度的CPU集成热管散热器的新结构；利用试验评测了根据数值模拟提供的新结构开发出的新CPU集成热管散热器的传热性能；最后在场协同强化传热的理论的基础上，对CPU集成热管散热器的散热翅片错位排列来强化散热器的散热，满足未来大功率、多热源的电子元件的散热，为今后进一步优化散热器提供了依据。

Water inside vacuum heat- collection tubes; since the hot medium inside vacuum tubes floats up and cold one goes down due to respective specific gravity, hot and cold mediums convections up and down to cause the heat conduction, furthermore transfer the heat to the related working medium in the heat tubes, the working medium sorbs the potential heat and becomes steam to rise up to the condensing section from the tube heat evaporating section; it emits the heat in condensing section to change again into liquid working medium; it flows back to evaporating section under the gravity action, the emitted heat is transferred into the water inside water tank or tube group by means of the heat-conduction through heat tubes condensing section; it makes the cold water in water tank into hot water in the repeated way.

阳光透过全玻璃真空集热管的外玻璃，照射到涂覆在内玻璃管外表面的选择性吸收涂层上，涂层将太阳的辐射能吸收并转化为热能，通过内玻璃管壁导热，传递给真空集热管内其液态传热介质，由于真空集热管内热的介质因比重小而上浮，冷的介质因比重大而下沉，冷热介质上下对流传热和导热，再通过热管的金属壁导热，将热量传递给热管内其相变工质，工质吸收汽化潜热而变成蒸汽，由热管蒸发段上升到冷凝段，在冷凝段放热冷凝，又变成液态工质，在重力作用下流回蒸发段，所放出的热量通过热管冷凝段金属管壁导热，传递给水箱或联集管内的冷水，周而复始，于是便将水箱内的冷水全部加热成热水。

Based on those analyses and conformed international and national economic condition in china and some intrinsic defects of target zone regime, author transform target zone exchange rate regime by dividing two layers and bring forward a new exchange rate regime: double-layer-monitor exchange rate regime, the new model have possessed two merits, one is that the new model make "hollymoon effect" of target zone recurrence,and the merit can alleviate the fluctuation of exchange market;another merit is that the new model is a self-regulation system, that is say, the model can avoid long-term misalignment of exchange rate, those merit have major significance for china economy sustainable development and Chinese financial system more perfection, in paper we also present some fiscal policy and money policy served as a foil to double-layer-monitor exchange rate regime in order to make it work well, at last, we conclude that the new model will be the prior selection of RMB exchange rate regime reform for a long time form now on, and it also can serve as the bridge of RMB exchange rate regime steering to one of bipolar—free float.

在这些分析的基础上，并考虑到当前中国所面临的国际国内经济环境，针对汇率目标区的一些固有缺陷，笔者又对汇率目标区模型进行了分层改造，提出了一个新的汇率机制模型：汇率目标区双层监控模型，该模型有两个主要优势，一是可以使&蜜月效应&得以重现，从而避免外汇市场的过度波动；二是该模型是一个自稳定系统，能够进行自我调整，使实际汇率同长期均衡汇率保持一致，从而避免实际汇率的长期错位。这些优点对于我国经济的可持续发展，对于我国金融的更加完善，有着十分重要的意义。为使汇率目标区双层监控模型良好运行，论文还就相应配套的财政政策、货币政策措施作了探讨。最后得出结论，按照汇率制度&并存继起&假说，今后很长一段时间内，汇率目标区双层监控模型都将是人民币汇率制度的合意选择，另外，它也可作为人民币汇率制度向独立浮动制过渡的桥梁。

First is enhances the boiler the heat energy transfer rate,(1) changes the vertical chimney to the horizontal-type chimney, reduces the speed of flow, Increase the time which the actuating medium and the boiler hot flame doing heat change;(2) changes the high temperature system sole medium sole heat transfer area to many kinds of medium the multi-channel heat transfer area(2-6 medium, 2-6 heat transfer area, this article takes four medium, 4 heat transfer areas confer elaboration), the increase heat transfer flow path through many times heat absorption,Lets the pot furnace coal flame heat energy as far as possible much transmit gives the actuating medium, Enables the quantity transfer rate from the present 60%--75% enhances to is bigger than 95

第一是提高锅炉的热能转移率，（1）将立式烟囱改为卧式烟囱，降低流速，增加工作介质与锅炉热焰气的热交换时间；（2）将高温系统单一介质的单一换热区改为多种介质的多道换热区（2—6种介质， 2—6道换热区，本文取四种介质，4道换热区加予论述），增加换热流程，通过多次吸热，让工作介质尽可能多地把锅炉煤焰气的热能传递给工作介质，使能量转移率从现在的60%--75%提高到大于95

--- Method and apparatus for abstracting water from air wherein in a first phase of a recurring cycle a stream of cool, moist air from the atmosphere first cools a first heat storage condenser (1) and then humidifies a hygroscopic medium (14); in a second phase a stream of warm air additionally heated by solar radiation expels moisture from the hygroscopic medium and carries the moisture into said first heat storage condenser (1) where it condenses, releasing condensation heat, and drains away; in a third phase another stream of cool, moist air from the atmosphere first cools a second heat storage condenser (2) and then rehumidifies the hygroscopic medium, and in a fourth phase another stream of warm air heated by solar energy again expels the moisture from the hygroscopic medium and carries the moisture to said second heat storage condenser where it condenses and drains away, and wherein the warm air streams of the second and fourth phases, are preheated using the heat of condensation picked up by the said second heat storage condenser (2) in the fourth phase and the heat of condensation picked up by said first heat storage condenser (1) in the second phase, respectively, before being additionally heated by solar radiation and being used to expel moisture from the hygroscopic medium.

摘要---方法和仪器取水，从空气，其中在第一阶段的周期性循环流冷静，潮湿空气从大气中的第一冷却的第一个蓄热冷凝器（ 1 ），然后humidifies一吸湿中等（ 14 ）；在第二阶段流的暖空气此外，激烈的太阳辐射驱逐水分从吸湿中等，并进行水分成表示，第一蓄热冷凝器（ 1 ）凡它凝结，释放出凝结换热，及雨水渠的距离；在第三阶段另一流的冷静，潮湿空气从大气中冷却，第一第二蓄热冷凝器（ 2 ），然后rehumidifies该吸湿中等，而在第四个阶段的另一流的暖空气加热太阳能再次驱逐水分从中期和吸湿性带有水分说，第二蓄热冷凝器而凝结及排水渠远离，和其中的暖空气流，第二和第四阶段，预热用热凝结回升，由说，第二蓄热冷凝器（ 2 ）在第四个阶段和热凝结回升，由说，第一蓄热冷凝器（ 1 ）在第二个阶段，分别之前，此外激烈的太阳辐射和被用来驱逐水分从吸湿中等。

In order to make the right evaluation of the state which is the consumption consume of the steam line system, we make an test of the heat loss of the steam line network. And we also probe into the heat loss of the steam line system and the factors. In order to solve the heat inefficency of the steam line system, we look into the present situation of the steam line network and the state of heat preservation. Then we found the open questions and the weak points of heat preservation. We make the evaluation and affirm the reason of the heat inefficency of the system. We adopted the combination of bench test and engineering optimization, then we screened out high-quality adiabator, and designed the best heating composition. We designed and developed the software"The analysis and optimization of energy of the steam line system in thermal production" It can offer convenience to the computational analysis of heat loss of the steam line system. It can also be used for design calculation and experimental verification of steam pipeline feasible radial-radius, so it can offer technical support for the reduce of heat loss of the system, the raise of well head steam quality and the raise of heat efficicency of the steam injection system.

为了对输汽系统的用能状况作出正确的分析评价，对输汽管线热损失进行了测试计算，对输汽系统热量损失及影响因素进行了探讨；为了解决输汽系统热效率低的问题，从输汽管网现状及管道保温状况调查入手，掌握存在的问题和保温薄弱环节，做出分析评价，确认导致系统热效率低的原因，采用室内试验与工程优化相结合的办法，筛选出优质保温材料，设计最优保温结构，同时设计开发了&热采输汽系统能量分析及优化软件&，为输汽系统热量损失计算分析和保温结构优化提供了方便，还对输汽管线合理辐射半径进行了设计计算及实验验证，从而为降低系统的热能损失，提高井口蒸汽干度，提高注汽系统的热效率提供了技术支持。

For a long-term stable Exchange Rate of RMB, the Commercial Banks are not only lack of a full understanding of Exchange Rate risk but are also lack of the essential experiences and skills to manage the Exchange Rate risk. Exchange Rate System reform makes domestic Commercial Banks face a great challenge of Exchange Rate risk. Adapting RMB Exchange Rate reform and managing Exchange Rate risk are the subjects that the domestic commercial banks must face.

长期稳定的人民币汇率使商业银行对汇率风险既缺少足够的了解和重视，也缺乏必要的外汇风险管理的经验和技能，汇率制度改革使我国商业银行开始真正面临汇率风险的考验，尽快适应人民币汇率制度改革，应对汇率风险是我国商业银行面临的重要课题。

As the inter-bank foreign exchange trading is a large trading post on the exchange rate the characteristics of the general foreign exchange transactions between banks and the foreign exchange market as a foreign exchange wholesale market, and the banking and foreign exchange transactions between the general, a market that Exchange for the retail market.

由于银行间的外汇交易是一个大型贸易公司后对汇率的特点，一般外汇之间的交易，银行和外汇市场作为外汇批发市场，以及银行业和外汇之间的交易一般，市场作为交换条件的零售市场。

This thesis, titled "under the Exchange rate marketization of RMB a probe into exchange rate risk management from the enterprises' standpoint ", on the basis of some basic concepts and theory about exchange rate risk , mainly discusses the significance and exigency of study exchange rate risk management in corporation of china , and raises some proposals in such aspects as removing obstacles, optimizing exchange rate risk management system and establishing the mechanism of previous tergiversation exchange rate risk. In addition, the thesis analyzes the risks that will be encountered in the development of exchange rate marketization of RMB and offers solutions to these risks.

本文选择《人民币汇率市场化下的企业汇率风险管理研究》为题，在介绍汇率风险的基本知识和相关概念、企业对汇率风险管理基本理念的基础上，结合我国实际，分析了我国涉外企业在目前人民币汇率机制改革、人民币汇率逐步市场化的前提背景下汇率风险管理的必要性和紧迫性，提出逐步完善企业汇率风险管理系统，建立企业内部风险预警机制运行模式的建议、并对人民币汇率市场化下企业所面临的汇率风险进行了分析，提出了相应的对策。

More direct, directer ; most direct, directest

径直的，笔直的

Do you know how to use a chain saw?

你知道如何使用链锯吗？