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Article 4 The term external guarantees used in these detailed rules refers to guarantees provided by institutions within the Chinese territory (hereinafter referred to as the guarantor) by way of producing guarantee letters, stand-by letters of credit, promissory notes, checks and drafts, mortgages by properties stipulated in Article 34 of the Guarantee Law of the PRC, hypothecation by moving properties according to provisions stipulated in Section 1 of Chapter 4 of the Guarantee Law of the PRC or by rights stipulated in Article 75 of Section 2 provided by institutions within the Chinese territory to institutions outside China or foreign-funded financial institutions inside China (creditors or beneficiaries, hereinafter referred to as the creditors) with the pledges that when the debtor (hereinafter referred to as the guaranteed) fails to repay the debts in line with the contract, the guarantors shall perform the obligations of payment or the creditors may put the mortgaged or hypothecated assets to auction according to the Guarantee Law and enjoy priority in getting compensations from the proceeds there-from.

第四条 《办法》所称对外担保，是指中国境内机构以保函、备用信用证、本票、汇票等形式出具对外保证，或者以《中华人民共和国担保法》中第三十四条规定的财产对外抵押或者以《担保法》第四章第一节规定的动产对外质押和第二节第七十五条规定的权利对外质押，向中国境外机构或者境内的外资金融机构（债权人或者受益人，以下称受益人）承诺，当债务人未按照合同约定履行义务时，由担保人履行义务；或者受益人依照《担保法》将抵押物或者质押物折价拍卖、变卖的价款优先受偿。

In the Civil Law Family,the collateral guarantor'srights of defense mainly are related to the invalidity of the underlying contract,the revocability of the underlying contract,the right of offset,the concurrentconditions,"Einrede der Unsicherkei",the invalidity of the guarantee contract.the period of validity,the special terms of immunity from the guarantor's liabilityand beneficiam excussionis.Under the case law of the Common Law Family,thesituations in which the collateral guarantor can claim the rights of defense mainlyinclude the situation of non-fulfillment of the guarantee condition,the situationrelated to the extent of guarantor's liability,the situation under which the creditordidn't perform his obligations,the situation related to the appropriation ofpayments,the situations related to fulfillment of purpose of guarantee,thesituation related to the creditor's laches,the situation related to the loss ofsecurities held by the creditor,the situation related to the discharge of theprincipal debtor,the situation related to the creditor connivance in the default ofthe principal,the situation related to the discharge arising by operation of law andthe situation related to the fiduciary duty.

大陆法系中，从属保证人对债权人的抗辩权主要有：主债务无效抗辩权、主债务可撤销抗辩权、抵销抗辩权、同时履行抗辩权、不安抗辩权、保证合同无效抗辩权、保证期间抗辩权、特殊免责抗辩权以及先诉抗辩权等；根据英美法系国家的判例法，从属保证人能够主张抗辩权的情形主要有：保证责任条件不成就的抗辩、关于保证责任范围的抗辩、债权人不履行义务的抗辩、关于债务清偿分配的抗辩、保证目的已实现的抗辩、关于债权人懈怠的抗辩、关于债权人享有的担保权益丧失的抗辩、债务人的债务免除抗辩、债权人对债务人违约纵容的抗辩、法律适用导致保证责任解除的抗辩、就信托义务原则提出的抗辩。

For a two-dollar licence fee and a guarantee from a responsible shopkeeper, any man could come to the reformatory and pick a wife.

到这儿来领女人的，只须花两块钱的手续费和找一个妥实的铺保就够了。

This research probes the basic theoretical issues related to guarantee period with the method of contrastive analysis. Further investigation is conducted upon the deviations from the nature of guarantee period in the design of guarantee system in the current Law of Sponsion, and suggestions are made for their rectifications.

本文运用比较分析的方法，对保证期间的基本理论问题进行了探讨，检视了现行《担保法》保证期间制度设计背离保证期间性质等不足，并对其矫正提出了自己的看法。

Chapter Two illustrates the nature of the international guarantee.At first,the writer analyses the meaning of collateral nature and its theoretical basis.Thewriter points out that in order to reinforce the protection of the guarantor'sinterest,the guarantee is located as collateral guarantee in all countries'traditional legislation.In other words,the validity of the guarantee contract isdetermined by the underlying contract,i.e.if the underlying contract isestablished,the guarantee contract is established,too;if the underlying contract isvalid,and the guarantee contract is valid too.It is true,otherwise.But thedoctrine of autonomy of private law dominates the civil law and commercial lawin all the countries,so the parties are permitted to alter the collateral nature of theguarantee by an agreement under the related laws worldwide.so the collateralnature of the guarantee is not the compulsory nature of the law.This lays a solidfoundation for the emerging of the independent guarantee.The writer thenanalyses the meaning of independence and the cause of the booming of theindependent guarantee.In fact,the independent guarantee was originated fromthe change of the collateral nature by the parties contract.As a result,the validityof the contract of independent guarantee is not determined by the underlyingcontract as the collateral guarantee,But the validity of the independent guaranteecontract is independent from the underlying contract,the establishment and thevalidity of the contract of independent guarantee are not subjected to theunderlying contract.

第二章对国际信用担保的法律属性进行了论述，首先分析了从属性的含义及其理论基础，指出虽然各国传统立法为了加强对保证人利益的保护，都将信用担保定位于从属保证，即保证合同的效力取决于主合同的效力，主合同成立，保证合同也成立，主合同生效，保证合同也生效；主合同不成立，保证合同也不成立，主合同不生效，保证合同也不生效，但是由于私法自治的精神主导着各国的民商法领域，各国立法都允许当事人通过合同约定对信用担保的从属性进行改变，所以保证的从属性从来就不是信用担保制度的法律强制属性，这也为独立保证制度的出现奠定了制度前提；其次分析了独立性的含义以及独立保证兴起的原因，独立保证实际上就是当事人通过合同约定对保证从属性的改变，使独立保证合同的效力不再象从属保证合同的效力那样取决于主合同的效力，而是使独立保证合同的效力独立于主合同的效力，独立保证合同成立不因主合同的不成立而受影响，也不因主合同的无效而无效。

The article analyzes it from two points of view.lt applies to "guarantee of righf from the point of view of guarantee of obligation while it applies to "the transference of ownership subject to conditions of suspension from the point of view of transference of ownership.

从作为债的担保方式来看应为权利担保，从所有权移转的角度看应为附停止条件。

The education popularization in recent one hundred years dominately was based on elements such as the exist of the country, intests of the social classes and economy development and so on, but it never considered the equality of education opportunity from the angle of rights and human. After the late 90's of 20th century, people regularly realized that education is the basic human right which needs the guarantee from the government, the end of the education is right the human and the realization of equal education opportunity needs the state-run education and completely free education.

由于未从权利和人的角度思考机会平等，导致一些群体的教育权利实际上未得到保障。90年代中期后，人们逐渐认识到教育是需要国家保障的基本人权、教育的目的就是人自身，机会平等的实现需要国家办学、实行全部免费的义务教育。

Mr Hatoyama, who is trying to give Japan a more prominent role in Asia without jeopardising its security guarantee from America, described his proposal as a "medium-term objective".

鸠山试图在不损害日美安全保障的情况下，让日本在亚洲发挥更突出作用，他形容其建议是一个&中期目标&。

Mr Hatoyama, who is trying to give Japan a more prominent role in Asia without jeopardising its security guarantee from America, described his proposal as a "medium-term objective".

鸠山先生试图让日本在不损害其从美国获得的安全保护的前提下使其在亚洲据有更多发言权。

The net that carry Cheng does not admit guarantee slip " have a holiday ", but also taking out guarantee slip from beginning to end is " true " proof, instead is the written response that bridge gentleman got restful company was issued on December 12, 2008, restful company shows in the reply: Via me department is checked carefully, the guarantee slip that you offer puts in following problems: 1, did not presswork be restricted to make work area; 2, true without the check that print code; 3, mistake of insurance time limit; 4, date of only evidence running water, guarantee slip date nots agree with my department writes regulation.

携程网不承认保单&有假&，但是也始终没有拿出保单是&真&的证明，反倒是梁先生得到了平安公司在2008年12月12日出具的书面回复，平安公司在回复中表示：经我司仔细核查，您所提供的保单存在如下问题：1、没有印刷限售地区；2、没有打印验真码；3、保险期限错误；4、单证流水号、保单号不符我司编写规则。

No clear conclusions can be made about the predictie alidity of specific measures, they found, except for criteria for the underuse of drugs for cardioascular disease.

除了心血管病不合理用药标准外，对于特定评价方法的预测效度没有明确的结论。

The third and last is that almost all of them, being infinite in number, have been impostures, and by idle and crafty brains merely contrived and feigned after the event past.

第三、即最后一点是：几乎所有这些不胜枚举的预言都是欺人之谈，都是在事件过后由无聊而狡猾的脑筋推测与凭空捏造的。