查询词典 governments

According to the different functions of the central government and local governments in the economic and social activities, the rights of affaire administration are classified between the central government and local governments; and the classification of the expenditure between the central government and local governments are made on the basis of the classification of the rights of affairs administration between them.

指根据政府在经济和社会活动中的不同职责，划分中央和地方政府的责权，按照政府的责权划确定的支出。

There are many problems in the relationship bewteen town government and village committee after the cancellation of the agricultural tax, including that the liceity of town governments facing challenges because the absence of the supply of rural public goods; the "attach-up" of town governments leading to disjunction between town governments and village committee; the bureaucratization of town governments intensifying their confrontation with the village committees; the disjunction and confrontation leading the excessive autonomy of villages; the failure of the system of "one case one meeting" strengthening the tendency of town subordination of villages.

取消农业税后我国的乡村关系中存在着诸多问题：行政村公共产品供给缺位，乡镇政府面临着合法性挑战；乡镇政府的"上附性"会导致其与行政村的脱节；乡镇政府的官僚化会加剧其与行政村的对立；乡村之间的脱节与对立会导致行政村的过度自治化；"一事一议"制度失效会强化行政村的乡镇附属化倾向。在这里需要说明的是，行政村的过度自治化和乡镇附属化倾向在农业税改革之前就存在着，但农业税改革之后这些情况虽然存在，但却是由不同的原因引起的。

The governments which are the real estate market superintendent transform the government economical function, standard the behavior of government, construct public service government. The governments which are the actual landholder, standards the system for land sells strictly, and establishes the governments of supervise the mechanism.

其次，政府作为房地产市场管理者，要转变政府经济职能，规范政府行为，建设公共服务型政府；政府作为实际的土地所有者，严格规范土地出让制度，建立政府监督机制。

The present thesis,from three perspectives inclusive of the debt risk index,the cash flowing volume of local governments,the continuity of debt,respectively made an analysis and evaluation of the risk situation of the debt of local governments in China,and put forward suggestions of strengthening the control of the debt risk of local governments.

因此，研究地方政府债务风险的评价并配合相应的制度改革与创新，不仅对防范和化解地方财政风险，保持地方经济的可持续发展具有现实意义，而且对降低国家财政风险，保持宏观经济稳健运行具有重要作用。

Towards the end of the discussion, Dorsey said that Twitter is just a tool and that it can't change any governments itself, but that it is the users who can use it to change governments.As MacManus noted during the discussion, it is people like Ai Weiwei that are using these tools effectively. One day, Ai Weiwei noted towards the end of the discussion, we won't need tools like Twitter to change our governments anymore.

在谈话的结尾，dorsey说，twitter本身只是一个工具，不可能去改变和影响政府；但是twitter的使用者，却可以利用它去改变统治者和政府。macmanus称是像艾未未这样的人让twitter发挥了真正的作用；而艾未未说，有一天，我们会不必要再用像twitter这样的东西去改变政府。

In terms of administration system, under the centralized administration system, the local governments' administrative authority is very limited; from the point view of economic administration right division, as the organizer and regulator of regional economy, local governments are unable to enjoy the proper rights and interests of State-owned asset owners, the tax income division regulations are incomplete, and there is the shortage of credit bodies. Although the central government and the local governments are both State-owned asset investors, yet the central government should possess ultimate ownership. It is necessary to properly divide their property rights and particularly important to clearly define the rights and responsibilities of central government and local governments.

从行政体制看，在中央集权形式下地方所拥有的行政性权力非常有限；从经济管理分权看，地方政府作为区域性经济组织和管理者，利益主体残缺，分税制不完全，信用主体缺失；从国有资产出资人角度看，中央政府与地方政府同为国有资产出资人主体，但中央政府拥有终极所有权，合理划分各自的产权，并明确界定中央和地方政府的权利和责任变得尤其重要，也是国有资产市场化委托代理的重要环节。

After the Implementation Regulations coming into force, the Central government shall formulate policies to determine in a reasonable manner the percentage of sharing tax revenue among local governments where the head quarters of the taxpayers are located, and handle the issue of shifting tax revenue that arises from the EIT Law, and balance the interests of local governments in accordance with the principles of consolidated compilation, decentralized administration, collecting at source, finalization and fiscal allocation.(Translator's note: the local governments at city levels may compete among themselves and use non-fiscal means or waive the local fiscal revenue to woo the profit-making taxpayers to headquarter in the city under their respective jurisdictions, in the absence of Central government's intervention).

实施条例施行后，将根据"统一计算、分级管理、就地预缴、就地预缴、汇总清算、财政分配"的原则，合理确定总分机构所在地政府的分享比例和办法，妥善解决实行企业所得税法后引起的税源转移问题，处理好地区间利益关系。

To deal with various risks in the production of space,local governments have to cease the monopolization in land requisition and expropriation,and establish the balance of interests between correlative groups and national institutions in the circulation of lands.To deal with risks in the games of new society,local governments must adjust the systems and policies concerned,and avoid just scratching the surface of a problem.To deal with risks in reallocation of social resources and social administration concerned with policy output,many local governments already have material condition to effectively break them,and the key is to improve their administerial skills in policy making and implementation.To deal with risks in vicious competition between city governments in urbanization,which are actually the manifest of malfunction of market mechanism,local governments must put the centralization mechanism into full play,and strengthen the social check and balance mechanism,in order to effectively regulate market mechanism and realize the organic interactions between social units,democracy,and market.

要破解地方政府在空间生产中风险重重的局面，必须改变政府在土地征用征收上的独裁专断格局，完善土地流转中各个相关利益群体间的权利均衡以及国家机构间的权力均衡机制；地方政府在新型社会博弈中的风险，也需要相关制度与政策的调整，不能停留在治标不治本的层次；在社会资源再分配与社会管制等政策输出方面的风险，许多地方政府已经具备了有效化解的物质条件，主观上提高政策制定与执行的行政技能是解决此类问题的关键；我国城市政府在发展地方经济推进地方城镇化中的恶性竞争风险，本质上是市场机制失灵的一种表现，必须通过充分运用集权机制、强化社会制约机制从而有效规制市场机制，实现科层、民主、市场三种机制的良性对接，政府、社会、企业三种力量的有机互动，才能解决。

To achieve these goals, the following actions must be taken.First,the vertical and horizontal connection of city planning must be strengthened;balance be made between market system and local governments in allocating materials;cooperating systems between city governments be intensified;in order to guarantee the balance between internal structures of urban systems.Second,the stability of agricultural production and provisionment must be guaranteed;rural integration be accelerated;system of land transfer be reformed;rural citizens be given equal status in participating urban development and sharing the fruit of urban development;in order to guarantee the balance between rural and urban development.Third,supervision of upper governments must be strengthened;the "personal rationality" of local governments(the choice of short-term benefits for local area) be restrained and local governments be stimulated to bring into play "collective rationality"; scientific development patterns in active improvement of urban quality and steady enlargement of urban size be insisted;in order to guarantee the balance between urban and economic development,and the balance between improvement of urban quality and enlargement of urban size.Last but not the least,considering the crucial status of urban social development in deciding the socialist direction of urbanization of our country,it\'s essential that social development be made a political responsibility of local governments in order to guarantee the balance between the social and economic development of cities.

为此，应当加强城市规划的纵向与横向衔接，平衡市场机制与地方政府这两只手的资源配置功能，强化地方政府问的合作机制，确保城市体系内在结构的均衡；保证农业生产稳定与粮食供应，加快农村整合，改革土地流转制度，确立农民参与城镇发展的平等地位，合理分享城镇发展成果，实施拖腿扩门并举战略，确保农村发展与城镇发展的均衡；加强上级政府监管，抑制各级地方政府的&个人理性&，促使其更多地发挥出&集体理性&，坚持积极提升城市质量、稳妥扩张城市规模的科学发展模式，确保城市发展与经济发展、城市质量提升与规模扩张的均衡；城市社会发展事关我国城镇化的社会主义方向，要把社会发展作为地方政府无可旁贷的政治责任，才能确保城市社会发展与经济发展的均衡。

This dissertation analyzes on the degree which the property rights circumstance, the relationship of principal-agent between the central government and local governments, and the quasi-federal contest among local governments. On the view of the internal relationship in the precinct, the vertical relationship between the central and local governments, and the horizontal contest among the local governments, the author put the distortion of the local governments' economic behaviors into the triune integrated analysis with the gradualism of the China's reformation.

本文围绕我国经济转型期的产权制度环境、中央与地方政府间委托——代理关系以及地方政府间&准联邦式&竞争关系这三条分析线索，从辖区内部的公共选择关系、纵向的中央与地方政府间关系、横向的地方政府间关系三个视角，来分析转型期我国地方政府经济行为的扭曲问题。

This one mode pays close attention to network credence foundation of the businessman very much.

这一模式非常关注商人的网络信用基础。

Cell morphology of bacterial ghost of Pasteurella multocida was observed by scanning electron microscopy and inactivation ratio was estimated by CFU analysi.

扫描电镜观察多杀性巴氏杆菌细菌幽灵和菌落形成单位评价遗传灭活率。