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PSO is a population-based optimization algorithm, which mimics the social behavior of animals in a flock. It makes use of individual and group memory to update each particle position allowing global and local search optimization. The objective function considered was the total weight of the structure subjected to stresses, displacements and forces constraints. The effects of the parameters were investigated as well and such combination of tuning parameters promote a better global search behavior avoiding premature convergence while rapidly converging to the optimal solution. Results showed the effectiveness of the proposed method by comparing with ANSYS Design Optimization Tool (zero-order method). The PSO with the tuning parameters makes it an ideal method for offshore wind turbines foundations optimization tasks.(2) A reliability analysis method for pile foundation bearing axial loads based PSOThe performance function of pile foundation's axially bearing capacity sometimes is nonlinear and complex, on the basis of geometric meaning of structural reliability index, an optimum model with PSO for structural reliability analysis under arbitrary random variables was established, The PSO algorithm is very efficient to solve global optimization problemsIts use in structural reliability field presents not only the advantage of its facility of implementation, but also the possibility to obtain the design point and the failure probability with a good accuracy. In addition, PSO is a zero order algorithm, for no derivative is necessary for its implementation.

本文的研究针对桩式海上风机基础结构的特点，在国内外有关研究成果的基础上对海上风机基础结构优化设计理论和可靠度方法一些相关问题进行了较为深入的研究，具体做了以下几个方面的工作：(1)基于粒子群优化的桩式海上风机基础确定性优化设计方法桩式海上风机基础的优化设计是一个复杂的、非线性约束的优化问题，针对传统的基于梯度信息的优化方法在处理非线性问题中易陷入局部最优解的问题，本文将一种耦合惩罚函数的PSO算法引入到海上风机基础结构概念设计中，PSO算法是从群体动物聚集觅食这一活动中受到启发而发展的，该算法利用个体和群体的信息共享不断改进自身的位置从而进行局部和全局最优搜索，本文中以桩和三脚架连接段直径及壁厚为设计变量，以基础总重量作为优化的目标函数，在给定的约束条件下建立了三脚架基础优化数学模型，另外本文还研究了PSO参数变化对结果的影响，协调的参数组合可以避免陷入早熟收敛而能够快速的获得全局的最优解，通过与ANSYS优化模块的计算结果比较验证了该方法的有效性，本方法为海上风机基础的确定性设计提供了一条有效的途径。

On this foundation, the followingfew problems are resolved. Firstly, we have a kinematic density formula for pairs of needles by using thekinematic density formula for pairs of oriented lines. The geometric probability thatthe random pairs of needles intersect at a point in convex body K is considered.

在此基础上，重点解决了以下几个问题：首先利用R~2上有向直线偶的运动不变密度公式，得到了针偶的运动不变密度公式，考虑了针偶与凸体K相交且针偶的交点属于K的这样一个几何概率问题。

Inthe paper, we study the relation of pairs of lines and pairs of needles, and two results ofintegral formulas are gained. Thus, the geometric probability problem is solved. Also.we give a solution to the problem: pick two points randomly in a convex body K anddraw two lines passing through two points.

文章考虑了线偶与针偶的依附关系，得到了两个积分公式的结果，从而解决了这一问题，并得到了随机地在凸体K内任取两点，通过这两点任意投掷两直线，两直线的交点落入凸体K内的概率及其它的一些结果和推论。

So we mention another geometricprobability problem which is the geometric probability of the intersection of pairs ofintersecting lines belonzs to convex body K in R~2 by using the concept of doublechord-power integrals and a kinematic invariant density formula for pairs of lines.

利用R~2上双弦幂积分的概念和线偶的运动不变密度公式，提出了另一个几何概率问题：R~2上两根与凸体K相交的小针依附在两直线上，求两直线的交点落入凸体K内的几何概率。

Andwe get two results that kinematic measure of the random pairs of needles intersect inconvex body K and the random pairs of needles intersect at a point in convex body Kby calculation. Thereby, the result of geometric probability problem and its inferencesare gained.

通过计算得出针偶与凸体K相交的运动测度和针偶与凸体K相交且针偶的交点属于凸体K的运动测度这两个结果，从而解决了这一几何概率问题，并得到了相关的一些推论。

It is observed that DG has the properties of locality, convex combination, geometric continuity and interpolation.

作为补充，构造了一个具有典型意义的规则DG，并证明了DG的局部性、〓包性、光滑性和价值性质。

In addition,an upper bound of multivariate Gaussian probability for a general convex domain is given based on a geometric observation.

利用已得一维Mills率的估计验证了在部分参数区间上我们的上界估计要优于已有的估计。

The assembly objects were described with convex polyhedron. Geometric features of the assembly objects were analyzed.

以凸多面体为装配对象，分析装配操作过程中装配对象的几何特性。

The convexity of curves and surfaces is an important property in the field of Computer Aided Geometric Design.

在计算机辅助几何设计中，曲面曲线的凸性是一种重要的特性。

Third,argument-polar radius curve of polar coordinate system whose pole is geometric gravity is formed,and maximum and minimum value points are searched.

然后以重心为极点，对边缘点极坐标化，形成幅角-极径曲线，在该曲线上寻找局部极大极小值点。

The labia have now been sutured together almost completely.The drains and the Foley catheter come out at the top.

此刻阴唇已经几乎完全的缝在一起了，排除多余淤血体液的管子和Foley导管从顶端冒出来。

To get the business done, I suggest we split the difference in price.

为了做成这笔生意，我建议我们在价格上大家各让一半。