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Recent studies indicate that extensive genetic and epigenetic changes often occur at the early stage of allopolyploid\'s genome formation,these changes have played a significant role in stabilization of newly formed genome of species.

研究表明，异源多倍体在形成的早期会出现广泛的基因组遗传和表观遗传变化，这些变化直接关系到物种的形成和稳定。

Love was the maternal donor of the polyploid Elymus; the "Y" genome existed in the StY-genome Elymus may be differentiated from the St genome, i.e., the autopolyploid StSt-genome species probably experienced genomic differentiation within a species after autopolyploidy, leading to the significant genomic change and resulting the StY-genome allotetraploids; the StY genome species distributed in the Central Asia with a high level of genetic diversity radiated to the Western and Eastern Asia, under the environmental selection and other factors, and only a few species spread to the western Asia and most species have remained in the Central and eastern Asia.

3分子证据表明在StY基因组的物种之间有明显的地理分化，中亚可能是StY基因组披碱草属植物的分化中心，并在此基础上，StY基因组的披碱草属植物向东亚和西亚进行了快速的辐射，形成了现代StY基因组物种的分布格局；多次杂交、迁移和分化是StY基因组的披碱草属植物进化的主要动力。(4)拟鹅观草属物种可能是所有披碱草属植物的母本供体。

Data from the seed set percentage of SHWs with common AU genome donor and different D genome donor or common D genome donor and different All genome donor, indicated that factors on both donors (Durum wheat and Aegilops tauschii) affected the crossability of SHWs.

通过比较同一个硬粒小麦与不同节节麦或同一个节节麦与不同硬粒小麦的可杂交性，发现硬粒小麦和节节麦都对人工合成小麦的可杂交性具有较强的作用。

Berkeley Drosophila Genome Project. The goals of the Drosophila Genome Center are to finish the sequence of the euchromatic genome of Drosophila melanogaster to high quality, and to generate and maintain biological annotations of this sequence.

柏克利果蝇基因组计划的目的在于把黑腹果蝇常染色体上的基因组序列完善到高质量，以创建并维护该序列的生物学注解。

Now, in Arabidopsis genome, fabaceous genome and rice genome, a lot of bZIP transcription factors have been found.

目前，在拟南芥基因组、豆科植物基因组、水稻基因组中发现大量的bZIF转录因于。

The results showed that the optimized content of Mg~(2+) was 5mmol/L; dNTP was 200μmol/L; Primer was 0.5μmol/L; Taq polymerase was lU/50ul in the PCR system. Only one fragment of about 270bp was amplified within the genome of 12 wild species and 23 cultivars of Mallus Mill., which indicated that Ty1-copia-like retrotransposons were archaic components of apple genome. The nested insertion of near and within the reverse transcriptase gene of Ty1-copia-like retrotransposons wasn\'t found in apple genome.2 The reverse transcriptase conservative region of Ty1-copia-like retrotransposons were amplified from Gala apple using the optimized PCR system. The amplification product was isolated, cloned and sequenced. Forty-five clones containing reverse transcriptase conservative region were obtained (accession number: AY849580 -AY849592 and DQ105035-DQ105066). Cluster analysis of these sequences showed a great heterogeneity among RT domains isolated from the same genotype.

从苹果属12个野生种和苹果23个栽培品种中都扩增到了约270bp的目的产物，且所有试材的扩增结果一致，均无目的条带以外的产物扩增，说明Ty1-copia类逆转座子在苹果属植物中广泛存在，且存在历史可能较为久远；从扩增结果看不出该逆转座子的逆转录酶基因或附近区域在苹果基因组内有嵌套行为的发生。2、利用优化了的PCR方法从嘎拉苹果基因组克隆了45条Ty1-copia类逆转座子逆转录酶保守序列(登陆号分别为AY849580-AY849592和DQ105035-DQ105066)，结果表明，同一基因组来源的这些序列存在高度的异质性。

Based on the genetic distance by SSR data, the cluster analysis with unweight pair-group method using arithemetic averages produced two major clusters that closely corresponded with the genome composition of the varieties (A genome, and B genome and their hybrids between A genome and B genome).

应用非加权类平均聚类方法，在相似系数0.61处将24个品种分为两大类群，类群Ⅰ是以A基因组为主的品种群，类群Ⅱ是以B基因组和A基因组与B基因组杂交的品种群。

Overall genome size, and by extension the amount of junk DNA, appears to have little relationship to organism complexity: the genome of the unicellular Amoeba dubia has been reported to contain more than 200 times the amount of DNA in humans. The pufferfish Takifugu rubripes genome is only about one tenth the size of the human genome, yet seems to have a comparable number of genes.

整个基因组的大小以及根据垃圾DNA量的范围，好象与生物体的关系不大：据说变形虫的单细胞基因组含有200倍以上人类DNA数量。pufferfish Takifugu rubripes基因只是人类基因的大约十分之一，然而好象有了一个可比较的基因数量。

Overall genome size, and by extension the amount of junk DNA, appears to have little relationship to organism complexity: the genome of the unicellular Amoeba dubia has been reported to contain more than 200 times the amount of DNA in humans. The pufferfish Takifugu rubripes genome is only about one tenththe size of the human genome, yet seems to have a comparable number of genes.

整个基因组的大小以及根据垃圾DNA量的范围，好象与生物体的关系不大：据说变形虫的单细胞基因组含有200倍以上人类DNA数量。pufferfish Takifugu rubripes基因只是人类基因的大约十分之一，然而好象有了一个可比较的基因数量。

Pestis pathogenicity. Methods: We utilized "whole genome shotgun" approach to get the genome sequence of 91001. Based on the finished and annotated genome sequence of 91001, as well as previously published genome sequence of C092 and KIM, we performed detailed comparative genomics analysis on their chromosome and plasmids. For the important phenotypes - nitrate reduction and glycerol fermentation, we carried out large scale screening among 257 strains isolated in China to clarify the genetic mechanism of these two phenotypes.

采用全基因组鸟枪法测定91001菌株的全基因组序列，利用比较基因组方法对91001与另两株鼠疫耶尔森氏菌(CO92和KIM)的全基因组进行比较研究；同时针对一些有意义的基因在多株鼠疫耶尔森氏菌的中国分离株中进行了验证；并在基因组研究的基础上开展了初步的蛋白质学研究。

But we don't care about Battlegrounds.

但我们并不在乎沙场中的显露。

Ah! don't mention it, the butcher's shop is a horror.

啊！不用提了。提到肉，真是糟透了。