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The main purpose of careful observations on external appearance and internal anatomy is to throw light on the evolution of the modem family Pinaceae:To Pinus, attention is paid to the relation of different subgenera, sections and subsections; to Pseudoaraucaria and Pityostrobus, through analysis of the extinct types, trying to clear the evolution relations among all genera so as to finish the systematic tree is of most importance. Currently there are two hypotheses, i.e. Pinus center theory and Pseudoaraucaria branch theory.

对松科化石球果进行细致的外部形态及内部结构的研究主要目的在于演化关系的探讨上：对于Pinus，主要探讨这个属内各个亚属、组、亚组之间的演化关系；对于Pityostrobus和Pseudoaraucaria，通过绝灭类型的分析，探索松科内各个类群的演化关系进而完成进化树是研究的主要方向，现在这方面已有了Pinus中心说及Pseudoaraucaria分支说两个假说。

The sequences of segments of the trnL intron from 29 species and trnL-trnF IGS from 21 species of Magnoliaceae were analyzed. The results from the strict consensus trees were consistent with the former systems ① several species within the genera Michelia were homologious;② the subgenera Yulania was extremely homologious and much far from subgenera Magnolia;③ the species within Manglietia were highly conservative.

通过木兰科29个种的trnL基因内含子的525个碱基序列及21个种的trnL-trnF基因间隔区的370个碱基序列测定和分析，构建的严格一致性树建议：①含笑属为相对一致的单系类群；②玉兰亚属的几个种形成一个单系类群，与木兰亚属的几个种无共衍位点；③木莲属为个相对保守的类群，种间碱基差异很小。

Between a subfamily and a genus or between a suborder and a family and usually containing several genera.

位'。''于亚科和属或亚目和科之间的一个范畴，通常包含有几个属

A taxonomic category placed between a subfamily and a genus or between a suborder and a family and usually containing several genera.

族动植物分类学中位于亚科和属或亚目和科之间的一个范畴，通常包含有几个属

Species: widespread in tropics and subtropics; six genera and 20 species in China.

大约20属约500种：广泛分布于热带亚热带地区；中国有6属和20种(1种特有)。

Contrary to our expectations, the diversity of zooxanthellae is similar for the two genera, indicating that the mode of symbiont transmission (i.e. maternal versus horizontal) does not affect symbiont diversity in acroporid corals.

与我们期待相反的是在这两个属珊瑚中含有的共生藻多样性却非常相似，这表明在石珊瑚中共生藻的传递模式并不会影响共生藻的多样性。

With the methods of systematic and random sampling, the 39 grasshopper species and more than 3000 specimens had been collected in 5 kinds of habitats, belonging to 5 families, 26 genera.

采用系统取样和随机取样相结合的方法调查了5种生境中蝗虫的种类和数量，共采集到蝗虫39种，标本3000余号，隶属于5科26属。

With the methods of systematic and random sampling, more than 2000 specimens were collected in 7 kinds of habitat, belonging to 3 superfamilies, 11 families, 30 genera and 48 species. Of the collected specimens, grasshopper has the most species accounting for 62.5% of the total species.

采用系统取样和随机取样相结合的方法调查了7种生境中直翅目昆虫的种类和数量，共采集到昆虫48种，标本2000余号，其中蝗虫类30种，蚱类6种，螽斯类12种，隶属于3总科，11科，30属。

In this paper, 4 variables of the distal tarsometatarsus were also collected from 25 specimens of fossil birds belonging to 14 genera of Early Cretaceous birds from Western Liaoning in China. Analyses of these variables have also proven to be useful in distinguishing arboreal and terrestrial birds, and the result is generally consistent with a conclusion reached on the basis of other analysis, i.e. those based on the claw geometry and toe proportion.

通过对在中国已发现的25例中生代鸟类跗跖骨远端4个变量的统计分析，表明它们同样具有区别树栖和地栖鸟类的显著意义，而且分析的结果与参考鸟类其他特征（如爪的形态、脚趾的比例等）所得出的结论基本一致。

Critical taxonomic studies of the boundaries of these two genera are needed.

这两属边界的批判性的分类的研究被需要。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。