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Chapter 7,discusses some unresolved problems about minimum genus and genus distribution of orientable embeddings for a graph,such as based on the joint tree model,calculation of minimum genus of complete graphs,determination of minimum genera for further types of graphs or even arbitrary graphs,etc.

第七章介绍了图的最小亏格及亏格分布领域中一些需要更进一步研究的问题，如如何利用联树模型计算完全图的最小亏格，以及如何通过刻画最小亏格关联曲面的特性来确定更广泛图类，乃至任意图类的最小亏格问题等等。

Phaneropteridae is an important family of Orthoptera , with more than 420 genera and 2000 species in the world up to date.

露螽科是直翅目螽斯总科一个重要类群，全世界记载420多个属2000余种。

To date, 50 Orthopteran fossils have been found from 14 provinces in China, among which 38 genera including 48 species were published.

截至目前，中国古昆虫学家已研究了分布于中国14省区的50件直翅目化石标本，发表新属38个，新种48个。

Furthermore, Ptychidio distinctly differed in osteological characters from other genera of Labeoninae, so it wasn't chosen as taxon of ingroup in phylogeny of Labeoninae. And Ptychidio's phylogenetic status can be ascertained only if more taxons of Cyprinidae be chosen and phylogeny of Cyprininae be solved in further research and molecular research.

此外，在特征分析时发现，卷口鱼属同野鲮亚科其它属的骨骼特征相差甚远，所以在分支系统学分析时没有被选择，有关其分类地位的确立，有待于今后在鲤科分支系统学研究中和分子生物学资料的研究中解决。

In addition, the phylogenetic relationship among several genera of Portunidea was discussed using Eriochier sinensis as the out-group.

另外，以中华绒螯蟹为外群探讨了梭子蟹科几个属种的系统进化关系。

In this paper, the structure characters of steroidal alkaloids from Buxaceae were discussed. Using the steroidal alkaloids for the chemotaxonomic characters, the evidences of chemotaxonomy and plant systematics of Buxaceae were studied. The interrelations among three genera, Buxus, Pachysandra, and Sarcococca were discussed.

本文讨论了黄杨科植物甾体生物碱成分的结构特征；以甾体生物碱作为化学分类学的特征物质，初步探讨了黄杨科植物化学分类学的依据和系统位置；同时讨论了黄杨属、板凳果属（Pachysandra，又称富贵草属）和野扇花属3属间的相互关系。

Result The medullary index interval of hairs from the back, abdomen, neck and hip of large indian civet was between 68.8% and 87.5%, the same index in small indian civet was between 62.5% and 87.5% and in masked palm civet was between 42.9% and 61.6%. There were differences on the scale pattern between genera and species and the differences were also found in different parts of the same animal and in different parts of the same hair.

结果］大灵猫背、臀、腹、颈4个部位的毛髓质指数区间为68.8%~87.5%，小灵猫4个部位的毛髓质指数区间为62.5%~87.5%，果子狸4个部位的毛髓质指数区间为42.9%~61.6%；毛鳞片形态在属间和种间存在差异，同一种类身体不同部位毛的鳞片形态也有差异，同一根毛的不同部位也存在差异。

This is the first report about the use of SSR molecular markers developed from different genera of palm family was performed.

用开发出来的椰子SSR引物对42份国内外椰子种质材料采用UPGMA进行聚类分析，在相似系数为0.73处可划分为7个类群。

Phylogenetic relationships among the 18 original genera of the palm family were investigated using two DNA sequence data sets derived from matK, the maturase - coding gene located in an intron of the plastid gene trnK, and the internal transcribed spacer region of 18S-26S nuclear ribosomal DNA to examine relationships in 18 generas of chinese palm family.

通过叶绿体trnK基因的内含子matK序列及核糖体转录间隔区序列研究初步分析了中国原生棕榈科18属间的系统发生。

Here are the habitat of hundreds of wild animals, like leopard, pangolin, giant salamander and other countries there are dozens of protected species; the growth of vascular plants here have 147 branches, 654 genera and 1336 kinds, including incense trees, silver thread Mei, amoena and other 25 kinds of rare plants there.

在这里栖息的野生动物有数百种，象金钱豹、穿山甲、娃娃鱼等国家保护动物就有数十种；生长在这里的维管束植物就有147科、654属、1336种，其中香果树、银缕梅、独花兰等珍稀植物就有25种。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。