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On comparing with the common type 4, there are 18 genes presenting change in the rest 21 types, most of them are tRNA genes, and gene replacement, gene increase and gene absence are frequently happened; on the contrary, protein genes are more steady, gene change is mostly of gene replacement. The genome size of Gymnophiona are all smaller than 18000 bps and most of them range from 15000 to 16000 bps, those of Urodela and Anura are bigger than 16000 bps, most of Urodela range from 16000 to 17000 bps, most of Anura range from 17000 to 18000 bps.

与类型4比较，其余21种线粒体基因组类型涉及基因变动的基因共有18个，其中变动比较多的是tRNA基因，移位、增多和缺失的发生频率都较大，而蛋白编码基因比较稳定，主要是移位。78种两栖动物中，蚓螈目的线粒体基因组均小于18000bps，多数在15000~16000bps；有尾目和无尾目均大于16000bps，其中有尾目多数在16000~17000bps，无尾目的多数在17000~18000bps。

Results The DNA was obtained from PPJ through a nasopancreatic tube. Aberrant p16 methylation and K- ras gene mutation were detected in the same samples of PPJ. Sensitivity,specificity,positive predictive values,negative predictive values and accuracy of HE staining for pancreatic cancer were 40%,100%,100%,45.4% and 60.0%,respectively. Of the 20 cases of pancreatic cancer,K- ras gene mutation was detected in 14 (70%) and the p16 gene was shown to be methylated in 7 (35%). Of the 8 cases of chronic pancreatitis,K-ras gene mutation was detected in 2 (25%). Of the 2 cases of mucinous cystoadenoma of pancreas,K-ras gene mutation was detected in 1 (50%). Aberrant methylation of p16 was not detected in pancreatic juice samples from patients with chronic pancreatitis and mucinous cystoadenoma of pancreas.

结果 所有胰液标本均成功抽提出DNA，30例胰腺疾病病人胰液标本同时进行了K-ras基因突变和p16基因启动子区5′CpG岛甲基化检测，其中20例胰腺癌病人胰液中K-ras基因突变率为70%（14/20），p16基因甲基化率为35%（7/20），8例慢性胰腺炎中K-ras基因突变率为25%（2/8），2例胰腺囊腺瘤病人中K-ras基因突变率为50%（1/2），慢性胰腺炎和胰腺囊腺瘤病人胰液中无p16基因甲基化。

According to the successful experiences on transgenic animal production and animal cloning, gene targeting could be utilized in many fields including theory and application research on genomic modification (such as site-specific gene repair, genetic defect therapy, gene knockout, infaust gene modification, even the site-specific integration), improving expression level of specific gene in animal mammary gland bioreactors, and promoting the industrialization of transgenic animal production.

结合现有转基因动物和动物克隆技术方面的经验，利用基因打靶技术，开展动物基因组修饰的理论和应用研究，即可定点进行基因修复、治疗遗传缺陷、基因敲除失活不利基因，还可最终解决动物乳腺反应器存在的随机整合率高而表达率较低的问题，实现定点整合及乳腺特异表达，为转基因动物的产业化生产创造条件，代表了当今动物遗传学发展的主流方向。

The nucleotide sequences of the PAP gene and PAPⅡ gene in the root of Phytolacca americana were determined by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and PCR. The gene comprises 942bp and 933bp respectively, encoding 313 amino acids and 310 amino acids. When PAP gene and PAPⅡ gene sequences in the root were compared with those in the spring leaves and summer ones, the highest similarity 100% and 99. 8% were observed respectively. They both had one open reading frame . Analysis of the two sequences showed, in fact, they belonged to one species.

以美洲商陆根为材料，提取其总RNA、反转录，用一对PAP基因的特异性引物和一对PAPⅡ的特异性引物，分别对反转录产物进行PCR扩增，将扩增的目的片段进行序列分析，结果扩增出来的PAP基因与已经报道的序列完全相同，扩增出来的PAPⅡ基因与已经报道的序列同源性也在99.8％，而且它们都各自编码一个开放阅读框架，可以说美洲商陆根中肯定存在PAP和PAPⅡ基因，并已经转录。

The nucleotide sequences of the PAP gene and PAPII gene in the root of Phytolacca americana were determined by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and PCR. The gene comprises 942bp and 933bp respectively, encoding 313 amino acids and 310 amino acids. When PAP gene and PAPII gene sequences in the root were compared with those in the spring leaves and summer ones, the highest similarity 100% and 99.8% were observed respectively. They both had one open reading frame. Analysis of the two sequences showed, in fact, they belonged to one species.

以美洲商陆根为材料，提取其总RNA、反转录，用一对PAP基因的特异性引物和一对PAPⅡ的特异性引物，分别对反转录产物进行PCR扩增，将扩增的目的片段进行序列分析，结果扩增出来的PAP基因与已经报道的序列完全相同，扩增出来的PAPⅡ基因与已经报道的序列同源性也在99.8％，而且它们都各自编码一个开放阅读框架，可以说美洲商陆根中肯定存在PAP和PAPⅡ基因，并已经转录。

Mitochondrial 16S rRNA gene and COⅠ gene fragments were amplified and sequenced from 4 wild populations of Portunus trituberculatus. Respectively, 524bp and 658bp long partial gene fragments of the 16S rRNA gene and the COⅠ gene were obtained. A high percentage of A+T base composition in the two sequences was observed, which was similar to the results of studies on drosophila, shrimp, crab and other invertebrates.

对分别采自辽东湾、莱州湾、海州湾和舟山的三疣梭子蟹4个野生群体的线粒体16S rRNA和COⅠ基因片段进行了扩增和测序，分别得到长度为524bp和658bp的片段。2段序列的碱基组成均显示较高的A+T比例（16S rRNA基因70.8%，COⅠ基因63%），这与果蝇、虾类、蟹类等无脊椎动物的16S rRNA和COⅠ基因片段研究结果相似。

On the bases of two parts above, in chapter 3, the ethical issues about the HGP are analyzed:①gene privacy invades human beings' autonomies;② gene discrimination breach human beings' dignity;③gene eugenics will result in human's lose;④"gene determinism" may result in human right's damage;⑤ gene patent can not be defended morally;⑥gene therapy may invade sufferers' autonomies;⑦issues about gene crime and gene weapon.

在具备了前两部分的基础上，在本文的第三部分对人类基因组计划进行了价值伦理分析：①基因隐私侵扰人的自主权；②基因歧视违背了人的尊严；③基因优生将导致人性的丧失；④&基因决定论&将导致对人类权利的侵犯；⑤基因专利在道义上是不能辩护的；⑥基因治疗可能违背患者的自主权；⑦基因犯罪和基因武器问题。

The hygromycin resistance gene is a marker gene to help sort out the transgenic mushroom cells from the non-transgenic cells, Dr. Romaine explained. What we are doing is taking a gene, as for example a drug gene, that is not part of the mushroom, and camouflaging it with regulatory elements from a mushroom gene.

潮霉素基因是一个标记物，它能筛选转化了和未转化的蘑菇细胞，Romaine教授解释说，我们做的就是得到这样一个基因，例如它是一个药物基因，它不是蘑菇基因的本身的组成部分，它伪装成蘑菇基因要做一个调整。

After the RT-PCR detection of the total RNA from heart tissue, we found that the CD59 gene and MCP gene were expressed. 4. The CD59 gene and MCP gene were mixed with liposome, then used to produce transgenic swine by 3 methods. Firstly, the gene/ liposome complex was directly injected into male swine's testis. The transfected males copulated with 8 females each 44 days later.

其中睾丸注射法处理公猪1头，44d后配母猪8头，7头受孕，产仔73头，结果检测到PCR阳性猪3头(阳性率4.3%)；输精管注射法处理公猪3头，8d后配母猪3头，0头受孕；外源基因/精子共孵育法处理公猪4头，处理母猪4头，1头受孕，产仔11头，结果检测到PCR阳性猪1头(阳性率9%)。

Meanwhile, in order to explore the stability of gene expression and the properties of gene-modified bone marrow cells further, we have observed the capability of reconstituting hematopoietic system of gene-modified and the expression of transduced gene in vivo by using of BMT to engraft lethally irradiated mouse with the gene-modified bone marrow cells.

同时，为进一步探讨转导细胞基因表达的稳定性以及生物学特征，本实验通过骨髓移植的方法，将基因标记骨髓细胞移植给受致死量照射小鼠，观察了基因转导细胞重建体内造血的能力，以及造血重建后外源基因在脾结节及骨髓细胞的表达。

The shaping method of noncircular part and the tool holder's radial motion characters in noncircular turning process are discussed in detail in the thesis.

论文详细研究了非圆零件的成型方法和加工过程中刀架的径向运动规律。

I have not really liked him,I do not like his this kind of disposition.

我没有真的喜欢他，我不喜欢他的这种性格。