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From wardens to deaf-blind people, from enterprises to media, from Sun Li, Deng Chao to former basketball player Ma Jian, from Badminton world champion Gong Ruina, and Chess master Liu Xiaoguang to actor Liu Bin, He Bin, singer Tian Zhen and Fu Disheng couple, from Zhao Pu, Chunni to journalists in Beijing, from foreign students to foreign guests, from volunteer stations to tourist sites, from office buildings to Olympic stadiums, from busy streets to ordinary communities, over 100,000 people dressed in the same Olympic shirt hand printed by artists and celebrities, unfurling Chinese people's passion and hospitality by showing direction to foreign friends and so forth, without even language communication."Olympic Shirt Direction Guider" made up unique scenery from the city, warm praises came from central government, multi-media, business units and institutions, ordinary citizens, foreign friends, political leaders abroad, athletes and foreign media; massive media coverage from CCTV, Xinhua News Agency, People's Daily, Global Times, BTV, CRI, Top 3 Agencies, Beijing Youth, JB News Media, Southern City Daily, Big River, Xinmin Evening, Qian River Evening, Yangzi Evening, Chinese Merchants, Yanzhao Evening, Sina.com, Sohu.com, MSN.com, Chinanews.com, Phoenix TV, Takungpao, Lianhe Zaobao, China Times, New York Times, Mirror of Germany, Guardian of Britain, Europe Times of France, BBC, CNN and so on, all jointly promoted Beijing and Chinese people's friendly, hospitable image to the world.

上到区长下到聋哑百姓，从企业到媒体，从孙俪邓超到前篮球运动员马建，从世界羽毛球冠军龚睿娜、围棋大师刘晓光到演员刘斌和何冰、歌手田震和付笛声夫妇，从赵普春妮到京城媒体记者，从留学生到留学客，从志愿者站到旅游景点，从写字楼到奥运场馆，从繁华街道到普通社区，近10万人穿上一件由艺术家和社会名人手绘的地图"奥衫"，在不用语言交流的情况下，为初次来京的外国朋友指路，展现中国人的热情好客，"指路奥衫"成为奥运会期间京城一道独特的风景线，受到中央政府、媒体各界、企事单位、普通百姓、外国友人、国际政客、运动员、国外媒体等各行各业的大力赞赏；包括中央台、新华社、人民日报、环球时报、北京台、国际广播电台、国际三大社、北青报、京报集团下各大媒体、南都、大河报、新民晚报、钱江晚报、扬子晚报、华商报、燕赵晚报、新浪网、搜狐网、 MSN 网、中新网、凤凰卫视、香港大公报、联合早报、中国时报、纽约时报、德国镜报、英国卫报、法国欧洲时报、 BBC 、 CNN 等近百家国内外媒体大篇幅报道，将中国北京和中国人民的友好热情与良好形象推广到了全世界。

This study describes the multi-facet systematic evolution of the said rural community from 1907 to 2007: from the perspective of ethnic culture, it has changed from a single ethnic cultural community of Yoghur(Ethnic Yugur\'s self-name) ethnic group into a multi-ethnic cultural community with Yoghur ethnic group as the dominating majority and embracing the ethnic groups of Han, Tibetan, Tu, Mongolian and Kazak; from the perspective of language, it has changed from a community where Yoghur and Tibetan languages dominated with the local Chinese dialect and the written Chinese language as the subordinate into one where the local Chinese dialect and the written Chinese language dominate with the Yoghur language as the subordinate; in the perspective of marriage and heirship system, from a parallel operation of two systems (patrilineal heirship for official marriages and matrilineal heirship system for matrimonial forms through the head-wearing ceremony) to monogamy and patrilineal heirship; in the perspective of means of living, from animal husbandry complemented with hand knitting and camel caravan transporting to agricultural farming complemented with animal husbandry and many others; in the perspective of social organization, from a traditional tribe to a modern country society; in the perspective of political system and social management, from the customs-authority management which combined the dominating headman hereditary system under the tribal union of an imperial dynasty and the subordinating elite influence, to the resource-interest management of party-government departmental system under the ethnic minority autonomy of a nation state; in the perspective of religious faith, from a coexistence of the Gelug Tibetan Buddhism and Shamanism and the devout ancestor worship to the currently prevalent ancestor worship with religions declining and faith weakening; in the perspective of education, from the local-knowledge-oriented education to an official-knowledge-oriented education, in which modern schooling has become the major educational organization instead of the former traditional temple education; the school has replaced the temple as the "knowledge-culture" communication center; at least in the minds of the local people the central role of family education during the children\'s cultural development has also been replaced by schooling.

本研究描述了1907～2007年间，这个乡村社区的多面向的系统变迁：从族群文化的角度而言，从一个以尧乎尔为绝对主体的单一族群文化社区转变为一个以尧乎尔为主体的、有汉、藏、土、蒙古、哈萨克等组成的多元族群文化社区；从语言文字的角度而言，从一个以尧乎尔语和藏文为主，以汉语方言和汉文为辅的社区转变为一个以汉语方言和汉文为主，以尧乎尔语为辅的社区；从婚姻与继嗣制度的角度而言，从一个双系并行(明媒正娶婚行父系继嗣制度，帐房戴头婚行母系继嗣制度)的社区转变为行一夫一妻制和父系继嗣制度的社区；从生计方式的角度看，从一个以畜牧业生产为主，以手工编织和驼队运输为辅的社区转变为一个以农业为主，以牧业为辅的、多种生计方式并存的社区；从社会组织的形态而言，从一个传统部落社会转变为一个现代乡村社会；从政治制度和社会控制的角度而言，从帝制王朝的部落联盟制下头目世袭制为主，户族精英为辅的习俗—权威型控制方式转变为一个民族-国家中民族区域自治制度下以党政科层制的资源—利益型控制方式；从宗教信仰的角度而言，从一个格鲁派藏传佛教和萨满教并存，祖先崇拜之风甚烈的社区转变为寺庙衰落、信仰淡化、惟祖先崇拜仍广为流行的社区；从教育的角度而言，从一个以地方知识教育为主的社区转变为一个以官方知识教育为主的社区，现代学校教育取代了传统寺庙教育成为社区的主要教育组织形式，学校取代寺庙成为"知识—文化"传播的中心，在青少年儿童的文化成长过程中，家庭教养扮演的中心角色，至少在乡民的观念上被学校教育替代。

I am twenty-two blocks from where Rudolph Valentino lay in state,eight blocks from where Nathan Hale was executed,five blocks from the publisher's office where Ernest Hemingway hit Max Eastman on the nose,four miles from where Walt Whitman sat sweating out editorials for the Brooklyn Eagle,thirty-four blocks from the street Willa Cather lived in when she came to New York to write books about Nebraska,ne block from where Marceline used to clown on the boards of the Hippodrome,thirty-six blocks from the spot where the historian Joe Gould kicked a radio to pieces in full view of the public,thirteen blocks from where Harry Thaw shot Stanford White,five blocks from where I used to usher at the Metropolitan Opera and only 112 blocks from the spot where Clarence Day the elder was washed of his sins in the Church of the Epiphany(I could continue this list indefinitely);and for that matter I am probably occupying the very room that any number of exalted and somewise memorable characters sat in,some of them on hot,breathless afternoons,lonely and private and full of their own sense of emanations from without.

我是二十二个区段从哪里 Rudolph Valentino 以隆重的仪礼放置，八个区段从哪里内森猛拉被运行，来自欧内斯特海明威打击在鼻子上的最大依斯曼，四里的出版者的办公室的五个区段从哪里沃尔特惠特曼为布鲁克林鹰坐着出汗出社论，当她来了纽约有关内布拉斯加写书的时候，来自街道 Willa Cather 的三十四个区段住在，旧姓的区段从哪里用到在竞技场的董事会上的小丑的 Marceline，来自地点的三十六个区段哪里历史学家乔 Gould 踢了对民众的充足视野的块一个收音机，十三个区段从哪里哈利融解射击史丹福白色的，来自我过去一直在来自克拉伦马车日子年长者在主显节的教堂中被他的罪洗的地点的大都市的歌剧和只有 112个区段引导的地方的五个区段；(我可以不确定继续这一本目录)而且就那件事而论我正在或许占领最房间一些尊贵的和 somewise 值得纪念的个性坐在，他们其中的一些在热又喘不过气来的午后，孤单而私人而充满的他们自己散发感从没有。

I am twenty-two blocks from where Rudolph Valentino lay in state,eight blocks from where Nathan Hale was executed,five blocks from the publisher's office where Ernest Hemingway hit Max Eastman on the nose, four miles from where Walt Whitman sat sweating out editorials for the Brooklyn Eagle , thirty-four blocks from the street Willa Cather lived in when she came to New York to write books about Nebraska, one block from where Marceline used to clown on the boards of the Hippodrome, thirty-six blocks from the spot where the historian Joe Gould kicked a radio to pieces in full view of the public, thirteen blocks from where Harry Thaw shot Stanford White, five blocks from where I used to usher at the Metropolitan Opera and only 112 blocks from the spot where Clarence Day the elder was washed of his sins in the Church of the Epiphany (I could continue this list indefinitely); and for that matter I am probably occupying the very room that any number of exalted and somewise memorable characters sat in, some of them on hot, breathless afternoons, lonely and private and full of their own sense of emanations from without..

二十二个街区远的地方，鲁道夫·瓦伦蒂诺在安眠；八个街区远的地方，内森·黑尔被绞死；五个街区远的地方，是出版人办公室，欧内斯特·海明威在那里挥拳击中了马克斯·伊斯门的鼻子；四英里远的地方，沃尔特。惠特曼曾挥汗如雨为《布鲁克林之鹰》写社论；三十四个街区以外，是威拉。卡瑟初到纽约的旧居，她当时正准备写作有关内布拉斯加州的著作；一个街区远的街道，马士莱在竞技场舞台上扮演过小丑；三十六个街区以外，历史学家乔。古尔德在众目睽睽之下踢碎了一台收音机；十三个街区以外，哈里。肖拔枪射击斯坦福。怀特；五个街区以外，是我过去做带位员的大都市剧场；而距离老克拉伦斯。戴举行葬礼的主显节教堂，仅有一百一十二个街区（我不确定还能再想起点儿什么）。就此而言，我正置身其中的房间，或许曾经呆过一些高贵而令人难忘的大人物，他们中一些人，在闷热的下午，坐在这里，孤独而隐秘，发散出异于外界的特有气息。

I am twenty-two blocks from where Rudolph Valentino lay in state, eight blocks from where Nathan Hale was executed, five blocks from the publisher's office where Ernest Hemingway hit Max Eastman on the nose, four miles from where Walt Whitman sat sweating out editorials for the Brooklyn Eagle, thirty-four blocks from the street Willa Cather lived in when she came to New York to write books about Nebraska, one block from where Marceline used to clown on the boards of the Hippodrome, thirty-six blocks from the spot where the historian Joe Gould kicked a radio to pieces in full view of the public, thirteen blocks from where Harry Thaw shot Stanford White, five blocks from where I used to usher at the Metropolitan Opera and only 112 blocks from the spot where Clarence Day the elder was washed of his sins in the Church of the Epiphany (I could continue this list indefinitely); and for that matter I am probably occupying the very room that any number of exalted and somewise memorable characters sat in, some of them on hot, breathless afternoons, lonely and private and full of their own sense of emanations from without..

二十二条街外，鲁道夫·瓦伦蒂诺的遗体曾供人吊唁；八条街外，内森·海尔被处决；五条街外的出版社办公室里，欧内斯特·海明威一拳打中马科斯·伊斯特曼的鼻子；四英里外沃尔特·惠特曼曾汗流浃背地为《布鲁克林鹰报》社论主笔；三十四条街外是威拉·卡瑟在纽约写内布拉斯加故事时的住所；一条街外的西波佐恩剧院台，西班牙小丑玛瑟林上台演出，三十六条街外，历史学家乔·古尔德当众将一台收音机踢得粉碎；十三条街外，哈利·绍枪杀斯坦福·怀特；五条街外的大都会歌剧院我当过引座员；一百一十二条街外，老克拉伦斯·岱于主显节教堂洗净了罪孽（这个单子可以无穷无尽地列下去）；而且说起来，我呆着的这个房间，或许就有不少尊贵的、各有其难忘之处的人物坐过，也曾有人在热得喘不过气来的下午，寂寞而私密，满心感受着外来之力。

I am twenty-two blocks from where Rudolph Valentino lay in state, eight blocks from where Nathan Hale was executed, five blocks from the publisher's office where Ernest Hemingway hit Max Eastman on the nose, four miles from where Walt Whitman sat sweating out editorials for the Brooklyn Eagle, thirty-four blocks from the street Willa Cather lived in when she came to New York to write books about Nebraska, one block from where Marceline used to clown on the boards of the Hippodrome, thirty-six blocks from the spot where the historian Joe Gould kicked a radio to pieces in full view of the public, thirteen blocks from where Harry Thaw shot Stanford White, five blocks from where I used to usher at the Metropolitan Opera and only 112 blocks from the spot where Clarence Day the elder was washed of his sins in the Church of the Epiphany (I could continue this list indefinitely); and for that matter I am probably occupying the very room that any number of exalted and somewise memorable characters sat in, some of them on hot, breathless afternoons, lonely and private and full of their own sense of emanations from without.

黑尔就义在8个街区之外，5个街区之外的出版社办公室中厄内斯特？海明威(1899-1961，美国著名作家)曾挥拳击中马科斯？伊斯特曼（海明威同时代美国政治家）的鼻子，在4英里外瓦尔特？惠特曼(1819-1892，美国诗人)曾奋力为《鹰报》撰写社论，34个街区之外是威拉？凯瑟(1873-1947，美国作家)在纽约为内布拉斯加拓荒者著书立传时居住的街道，玛瑟琳曾经常在一个街区之外的马戏场扮演小丑，36个街区之外是历史学家乔高德在大庭广众下踢烂收音机的地方，哈里？福射在13个街区之外杀了斯坦福？怀特（1906年），5个街区之外是我曾做引座员的大都会歌剧院，而在112个街区之外老克拉伦斯？戴(1874-1935，美国作家)在主现节教堂洗去他的罪过；也因而，我此刻置身的房间可能迎接过无数显赫人物，一些人是在令人窒息的炎热下午到来，孤独而隐退，散发着莫名的自我。

I am twenty-two blocks from where Rudolph Valentino lay in state, eight blocks from where Nathan Hale was executed, five blocks from the publisher's office where Ernest Hemingway hit Max Eastman on the nose, four miles from where Walt Whitman sat sweating out editorials for the Brooklyn Eagle, thirty-four blocks from the street Willa Cather lived in when she came to New York to write books about Nebraska, one block from where Marceline used to clown on the boards of the Hippodrome, thirty-six blocks from the spot where the historian Joe Gould kicked a radio to pieces in full view of the public, thirteen blocks from where Harry Thaw shot Stanford White, five blocks from where I used to usher at the Metropolitan Opera and only 112 blocks from the spot where Clarence Day the elder was washed of his sins in the Church of the Epiphany (I could continue this list indefinitely); and for that matter I am probably occupying the very room that any number of exalted and somewise memorable characters sat in, some of them on hot, breathless afternoons, lonely and private and full of their own sense of emanations from without.

就这类轶事拉一张单子可以长得没完没了。）依同理，我此刻置身其中的客房可能不知被多少显贵和在某一方面值得缅怀的人物占用过，其中某些人在炎热又闷塞的下午，同样感到落寞而离群，又满怀各人对于从户外传来的人事影响的敏感。

I am twenty-two blocks from where Rudolph Valentino lay in state, eight blocks from where Nathan Hale was executed, five blocks from the publisher's office where Ernest Hemingway hit Max Eastman on the nose, four miles from where Walt Whitman sat sweating out editorials for the Brooklyn Eagle, thirty-four blocks from the street Willa Cather lived in when she came to New York to write books about Nebraska, one block from where Marceline used to clown on the boards of the Hippodrome, thirty-six blocks from the spot where the historian Joe Gould kicked a radio to pieces in full view of the public, thirteen blocks from where Harry Thaw shot Stanford White, five blocks from where I used to usher at the Metropolitan Opera and only 112 blocks from the spot where Clarence Day the elder was washed of his sins in the Church of the Epiphany (I could continue this list indefinitely); and for that matter I am probably occupying the very room that any number of exalted and somewise memorable characters sat in, some of them on hot, breathless afternoons, lonely and private and full of their own sense of emanations from without..

如此说来，我现在住的这房间很可能住过许多不朽名流，他们中的一些也在这样酷热窒闷的下午，寂寞地一个人充分感受着外界有什么东西扑面而来

I am twenty-two blocks from where Rudolph Valentino lay in state, eight blocks from where Nathan Hale was executed, five blocks from the publisher's office where Ernest Hemingway hit Max Eastman on the nose, four miles from where Walt Whitman sat sweating out editorials for the Brooklyn Eagle, thirty-four blocks from the street Willa Cather lived in when she came to New York to write books about Nebraska, one block from where Marceline used to clown on the boards of the Hippodrome, thirty-six blocks from the spot where the historian Joe Gould kicked a radio to pieces in full view of the public, thirteen blocks from where Harry Thaw shot Stanford White, five blocks from where I used to usher at the Metropolitan Opera and only 112 blocks from the spot where Clarence Day the elder was washed of his sins in the Church of the Epiphany (I could continue this list indefinitely); and for that matter I am probably occupying the very room that any number of exalted and somewise memorable characters sat in, some of them on hot, breathless afternoons, lonely and private and full of their own sense of emanation s from without.

就这类轶事拉一张单子可以长得没完没了。）依同理，我此刻置身其中的客房可能不知被多少显贵和在某一方面值得缅怀的人物占用过，其中某些人在炎热又闷塞的下午，同样感到落寞而离群，又满怀各人对于从户外传来的人事影响的敏感。

This study describes the multi-facet systematic evolution of the said rural community from 1907 to 2007: from the perspective of ethnic culture, it has changed from a single ethnic cultural community of Yoghur(Ethnic Yugur\'s self-name) ethnic group into a multi-ethnic cultural community with Yoghur ethnic group as the dominating majority and embracing the ethnic groups of Han, Tibetan, Tu, Mongolian and Kazak; from the perspective of language, it has changed from a community where Yoghur and Tibetan languages dominated with the local Chinese dialect and the written Chinese language as the subordinate into one where the local Chinese dialect and the written Chinese language dominate with the Yoghur language as the subordinate; in the perspective of marriage and heirship system, from a parallel operation of two systems (patrilineal heirship for official marriages and matrilineal heirship system for matrimonial forms through the head-wearing ceremony) to monogamy and patrilineal heirship; in the perspective of means of living, from animal husbandry complemented with hand knitting and camel caravan transporting to agricultural farming complemented with animal husbandry and many others; in the perspective of social organization, from a traditional tribe to a modern country society; in the perspective of political system and social management, from the customs-authority management which combined the dominating headman hereditary system under the tribal union of an imperial dynasty and the subordinating elite influence, to the resource-interest management of party-government departmental system under the ethnic minority autonomy of a nation state; in the perspective of religious faith, from a coexistence of the Gelug Tibetan Buddhism and Shamanism and the devout ancestor worship to the currently prevalent ancestor worship with religions declining and faith weakening; in the perspective of education, from the local-knowledge-oriented education to an official-knowledge-oriented education, in which modern schooling has become the major educational organization instead of the former traditional temple education; the school has replaced the temple as the "knowledge-culture" communication center; at least in the minds of the local people the central role of family education during the children\'s cultural development has also been replaced by schooling.

本研究描述了1907～2007年间，这个乡村社区的多面向的系统变迁：从族群文化的角度而言，从一个以尧乎尔为绝对主体的单一族群文化社区转变为一个以尧乎尔为主体的、有汉、藏、土、蒙古、哈萨克等组成的多元族群文化社区；从语言文字的角度而言，从一个以尧乎尔语和藏文为主，以汉语方言和汉文为辅的社区转变为一个以汉语方言和汉文为主，以尧乎尔语为辅的社区；从婚姻与继嗣制度的角度而言，从一个双系并行(明媒正娶婚行父系继嗣制度，帐房戴头婚行母系继嗣制度)的社区转变为行一夫一妻制和父系继嗣制度的社区；从生计方式的角度看，从一个以畜牧业生产为主，以手工编织和驼队运输为辅的社区转变为一个以农业为主，以牧业为辅的、多种生计方式并存的社区；从社会组织的形态而言，从一个传统部落社会转变为一个现代乡村社会；从政治制度和社会控制的角度而言，从帝制王朝的部落联盟制下头目世袭制为主，户族精英为辅的习俗—权威型控制方式转变为一个民族-国家中民族区域自治制度下以党政科层制的资源—利益型控制方式；从宗教信仰的角度而言，从一个格鲁派藏传佛教和萨满教并存，祖先崇拜之风甚烈的社区转变为寺庙衰落、信仰淡化、惟祖先崇拜仍广为流行的社区；从教育的角度而言，从一个以地方知识教育为主的社区转变为一个以官方知识教育为主的社区，现代学校教育取代了传统寺庙教育成为社区的主要教育组织形式，学校取代寺庙成为&知识—文化&传播的中心，在青少年儿童的文化成长过程中，家庭教养扮演的中心角色，至少在乡民的观念上被学校教育替代。

We have no common name for a mime of Sophron or Xenarchus and a Socratic Conversation; and we should still be without one even if the imitation in the two instances were in trimeters or elegiacs or some other kind of verse--though it is the way with people to tack on 'poet' to the name of a metre, and talk of elegiac-poets and epic-poets, thinking that they call them poets not by reason of the imitative nature of their work, but indiscriminately by reason of the metre they write in.

索夫农 、森那库斯和苏格拉底式的对话采用的模仿没有一个公共的名称；三音步诗、挽歌体或其他类型的诗的模仿也没有——人们把&诗人&这一名词和格律名称结合到一起，称之为挽歌体诗人或者史诗诗人，他们被称为诗人，似乎只是因为遵守格律写作，而非他们作品的模仿本质。

The relationship between communicative competence and grammar teaching should be that of the ends and the means.

交际能力和语法的关系应该是目标与途径的关系。