查询词典 friction force

The main results of the investigation are as following:(1) Some important criteria for the design of multi-layer structure are acquired: the ratio of the layer thickness to the contact diameter should be controlled to a value about 0.8; increasing the number of the gradient layers and elasticity modulus of the top layer would benefit to the yield strength and the stress status at the interface.（2）By means of molecular dynamics simulations for a indentation and sliding process, it is discovered that dislocations of 45 direction to the surface occur in the surfaces layer, which is correspond to the direction of the plastic flows observed in the macroscopic continuous medium. The irreversible deformation caused by the dislocation and the atom piles at the surface are responsible for the irreversibility of the force response. They are also the main factors for the friction generation. The temperature and the indentation velocity have significant effects on the deformation behaviors of the material of the surface layer. The yield strength would increase obviously if the indentation velocity is greater than 10 m/s.（3）A method to evaluate the fracture toughness of coating by estimating the crack-density functionβof a Wicker''s indentation was proposed. Meanwhile a new surface treatment technology was developed using non-equilibrium plasma.（4）A MD-FE hybrid method and corresponding software was developed to analysis the tribological behaviors for multiplayer system.

研究主要内容和结果有：（1）得到指导梯度膜设计的几个准则：控制膜层厚度与接触半径比在0.8左右为宜；适当增加梯度层层数和顶层弹性模量，有利于提高抗屈服能力和改善界面处的应力状态；（2）通过对嵌入和滑动摩擦过程的分子动力学模拟，发现表层产生一个与宏观连续介质的塑性流动方向观测一致的45 方向位错；位错造成的不可逆变形和表面的原子堆积，是力的响应不可逆性的原因，也是构成摩擦力的主要因素；温度和嵌入速度对材料变形特性有显著的影响，当嵌入速度大于10 m/s时，屈服强度明显增加；（3）提出压痕裂纹密度系数β半定量判定膜层断裂韧性的方法；并开发出表面强化新工艺；（4）开发出分析表面摩擦学特性的MD-FE复合模拟方法和相应模拟软件。

Nano- and Micro-Hardness Testers（Nano Indentor/Micro Indentor）- Quantitative measurement of mechanical surface properties: elastic modulus and hardness - Analysis of fracture modes, cracking,… Nano- and Micro-Scratch Testers - Adhesion and anti-scratch properties of coatings and films - Profilometry Tribometers - High Temperature, Vacuum and Nano Tribology - Wear and Friction studies Calotest / Calowear - Coating thickness measurement - Wear rate testing 3D Imaging - Atomic Force Microscope - Confocal Microscope

动态压痕测试仪器为您提供纳米或微米尺度下材料的硬度、弹性模量、蠕变、断裂韧性等性质。我们还为您提供纳米级、微米级摩擦磨损测试仪器，用以测量材料的摩擦系数和磨损率。我们的球磨仪器是测量薄膜厚度最简单准确的工具。我们同时提供光学显微镜、原子力显微镜、白光共焦显微镜成像工具。我们在瑞士的分析测试中心随时准备为您提供高质量测试服务。

Nature, gravity, elasticity, friction, magnetic, electrical, power and other inertial force.

自然界有重力、弹力、摩擦力、磁力、电力、惯性力等各种力。

The slope stability question is influenced by many kinds of inherent factors, for instance geological structure, intensity of rock body, development state of joint and crack, cohesive force of the rock, interior angle of friction, groundwater, etc., these objective factors reflect generally their sizes with some quantitative parameter indexes in the past.

边坡稳定问题受多种内在因素影响，如地质构造、岩体强度、节理裂隙发育状况、岩石的内聚力、内摩擦角、地下水等，这些客观因素过去一般用某些定量参数指标来反映其大小。

Analyzed on the tunnels that used EPB method in different soils, the more logical three-dimensional finite element model is based, which can reality represented the soil transfiguration. 3 Due to the engineering example, a 3D FEM simulation model was founded. The model was used to study the rules of soil deformation and surface settlement during shield tunneling. 4 The characteristics of loess include the module, conglutination force and inner friction angle of the loess, affected the soil deformation. 5 The influence factors to the surface settlements such as the depth of soil, the outer diameter of the shield tunnel, the released stress at the cutting face, the fill ratio of the shield tail void, pouring-slurry press, thrusts and lengths of shield and digging steps were studied using the FEM method. References is brought forward in the loess areas of Xi'an was proposed.

通过对不同土质条件下盾构法进行地铁隧道施工的有限元分析，全面反映盾构推进对土体变形的影响情况； 3根据有关勘测资料，建立合理的盾构法施工三维非线性有限元模型，对盾构法施工引起的地层变位和地表位移情况进行计算，分析了盾构施工引起的地层变形规律和地面沉降规律； 4研究了黄土特性(地基模量、粘聚力和内摩擦角)对盾构法施工中土体变形的影响； 5利用三维有限元对盾构施工过程中影响地面沉降的因素(覆土厚度、隧道外径、开挖面压力变化量、注浆压力、盾尾空隙填充率、开挖步长、盾构机的长度和推进力等)进行研究，为今后西安地区地铁的建设提供参考。

It was indicated that enhancing the friction between the material and the rotary kiln wall is easy to carry out the rolling motion from the aspect of force moment .

本文从力矩的角度出发，得出了要实现物料的滚落状态，可以提高物料与窑壁间的摩擦系数，并提出了具体方法。

The net force on the cart is the tension in the string minus the friction forces.

作用在小车上的净力等于细绳的张力加上摩擦力。

The expression of interaction between normal force and friction was deduced on theory of structural mechanics.

应用结构力学理论推导得出传感器解耦的表达式，进而对传感器的结构进行解耦优化设计，消除了正压力和摩擦力的互干扰，并给出了传感器的设计流程图。

Small moment: As the damper plate weight is light, the damper plate and the guide rail and the rubber packing friction drag is small, therefore causes the hand wheel operation moment of force will be small

力矩小：由于闸板重量轻，闸板与导轨及橡胶密封条的摩擦阻力小，故使得手轮操作力矩小

However, most of the distribution of the earth pressure behind the flexible wall is of "R-shape" when the flexible wall experiencing "drum-shape "movement. Besides, the friction between the flexible wall and the soil is active during "drum-shape" movement, which decreases the deformation of the wall, lowers the application point of the resultant force and makes the development of the plastic in soil mass slow down.

研究结果表明，鼓型变位下柔性挡墙墙后土压力分布形式基本上为R字型；此外，墙土摩擦作用使墙体变位量变小，土压力系数降低，土压力合力作用点下降，塑性应变发展缓慢，从而提高墙体安全度。

On the other hand, the more important thing is because the urban housing is a kind of heterogeneity products.

另一方面，更重要的是由于城市住房是一种异质性产品。

Climate histogram is the fall that collects place measure calm value, cent serves as cross axle for a few equal interval, the area that the frequency that the value appears according to place is accumulated and becomes will be determined inside each interval, discharge the graph that rise with post, also be called histogram.

气候直方图是将所收集的降水量测定值，分为几个相等的区间作为横轴，并将各区间内所测定值依所出现的次数累积而成的面积，用柱子排起来的图形，也叫做柱状图。