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The task of translation is as follows: First, an understanding of the cultural and experimental worlds that lie behind the original act of speaking or of writing, ways into their schemata. Second, an understanding of the potential of the two semiotic systems in terms of their image-making. Third, a making intelligible of the linguistic choices expressed in the message. Fourthly, an opportunity to explore the social psychological intentions of the originator of the message matched against one's own. Lastly, a challenge to match all of these with our appropriate response in our semiotic and linguistic system, and our culture. Traditional translation theory also presented means of differentiating and categorizing translation types, including metaphrase, imitation and paraphrase.

翻译的任务是：首先，要理解隐藏在原文中的现实世界及其文化内涵；其次，要理解两种不同语言中的不同符号学体系下的潜在意象；第三，要从语篇的信息中了解其所反映的语言学方面的选择；第四，要探究原文作者与译者自身在社会心理方面的不同倾向；第五，翻译也是一种挑战，译者要在自身符号学与语言学体系中以及文化环境中将以上各方面要求协调起来。

The task of translation is as follows: First, an understanding of the cultural and experimental worlds that lie behind the original act of speaking or of writing, ways into their schemata. Second, an understanding of the potential of the two semiotic systems in terms of their image-making. Third, a making intelligible of the linguistic choices expressed in the message. Fourthly, an opportunity to explore the social psychological intentions of the originator of the message matched against ones own. Lastly, a challenge to match all of these with our appropriate response in our semiotic and linguistic system, and our culture. Traditional translation theory also presented means of differentiating and categorizing translation types, including metaphrase, imitation and paraphrase.

翻译的任务是：首先，要理解隐藏在原文中的现实世界及其文化内涵；其次，要理解两种不同语言中的不同符号学体系下的潜在意象；第三，要从语篇的信息中了解其所反映的语言学方面的选择；第四，要探究原文作者与译者自身在社会心理方面的不同倾向；第五，翻译也是一种挑战，译者要在自身符号学与语言学体系中以及文化环境中将以上各方面要求协调起来。

In the area of agricultural language Translation, agriculture phrase templates were added, and the translation efficiency increased by 10% than Och's phrase-based statistical machine translation methods.

在农业领域的汉蒙翻译中添加了农业常用短语模板，翻译效率相比Och的基于短语的统计翻译方法有较大的提高。

Translation trainees can learn translating by two things: practicing translation and studying parallel texts and translation critiques.

翻译练习者可以通过两个渠道学习翻译：开展翻译实践和研读双语对照文本及翻译评论。

My discussion will be unfolded by three aspects: the connotation of the indeterminacy of translation, Quine's defense of indeterminacy of translation, and ontological commitment of indeterminacy of translation : physicalism or behaviorism.

我们将由三个方面展开，即翻译的不确定性命题与内涵；蒯因对翻译的不确定性的辩护；翻译不确定性的本体论承诺：物理主义还是行为主义。

3Effective history principle gives the chance for the translators of the different ages to retranslate the same source, from which three re-translation strategy are standardized: corrective retranslation strategy; reconstruction retranslation strategy; proselytizing retranslation strategy. Gadamer also puts forward a non-translatable hermeneutics principle. But this does.not mean his negation to translation. The model of conversation in understanding proposed by Gadamer points out that translation is not the monologue of the translator but a process of dialogues between translator and source which leads to mutual understanding.

效果历史原则既赋予了不同历史时代的译者重译同一文本的机会，并由此可以规范出三种重译策略：勘误性重译策略、重构性重译策略和指向性重译策略，也提出了不可翻译性这一诠释学原理，但这并不代表伽达默尔对翻译的否定，他所提出的理解的对话模式说明翻译的过程并非原作者的个人独白，而是译者与文本进行对话并达到相互理解的过程，这反而在理论上论证了译者劳动的创造性价值，肯定了翻译创造论。

The first chapter gives a brief introduction to the definition, origin, and development of pragmatics. A sketch map of modern translation studies and the close relationship between pragmatics and translation are also offered. In Chapter Two an introduction to drama translation is provided.

其中第一章对语用学这门新学科的定义、起源和发展进行了简单的介绍，也简略勾画了现代翻译研究的发展状况，最后阐述了语用学与翻译的密切联系。

This paper mainly discusses the methods of the trademark translation from the importance of trademark、 culture characteristic and language characteristic, concluding that translation should focus on the exchange of cultural information, so that the translation will be similar with the original goods in the sound、shape 、meaning and so on, while the commodity exchanges will also achieve cultural exchanges.

本文从商标命名的重要性、文化特色和语言特点的角度探讨了商标翻译的主要方法，并提出了在翻译时应注重中西文化信息的互通，从而使翻译出的商标名称与原文的商品在音、形、意和美等珠联璧合、异曲同工，在商品交流的同时亦可实现文化的交流。

This laler mainly discusses the methods of the trademark translation from the imlortance of trademark、 culture characteristic and language characteristic, concluding that translation should focus on the exchange of cultural information, so that the translation will be similar with the original goods in the sound、shale 、meaning and so on, while the commodity exchanges will also achieve cultural exchanges.

因此，做好商标的翻译，其重要意义是不言而喻的。随着世界经济体系的全球化和中国加入WTO，产品的进出口日益增强，因此也导致了商标的翻译越来越受到重视

In this article, through studying the Chinese version of The Empire of the Steppes, the author points out that in academic translation there are some problems that great importance should be attached to: the time effectiveness of the interpretative academic works, the ideological tendency of academic works, academic translation should strictly follow the academic norms in the given specialty, including the names of given personages, toponymy, and terminology, the language of academic translation has to be ...

以汉译《草原帝国》为例，学术翻译应注意以下几个问题：诠释性学术著作的时效性；学术著作的思想倾向；学术著作翻译应遵循专业的学术规范，包括人名、地名和专业术语的翻译；学术翻译的语言，要在于确切，同时也要合乎汉语习惯

The work of this paper is as follows: 1. Looking back the progressing history of the linear motor, introducing the features of the elevator driven by linear induction motor, radicating the topic of this paper "the digital frequency variable control of the elevator bi-side direct driven by linear induction motor". The research of this paper covers the conventional VVVF control, space vector based VVVF control, vector control and DTC.

本文主要开展了以下几个方面的工作： 1 回顾了直线电机发展历史，电机的驱动技术演变，特别是针对直线电机的驱动，简要介绍了直线感应电机驱动电梯的优点和不同结构类型，对传统的v／f控制，基于空间矢量法的v／f控制，矢量控制，和基于电压空间矢量的直接转矩控制进行了比较，确立了本课题的研究主题：直线感应电机双边直推式驱动电梯的全数字变频控制。

The article combines with the treatment of a superficial civil air defense work to introduce how the grouting method to improve the performance of the backfill soil.

文章从治理漂浮人防工事的角度提出了注浆技术在改善回填土性质方面的应用，并详细阐述了注浆技术的施工流程。