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In chapter two,we give the basic concepts and basic formulas about the first eigenvalues.

第二章主要介绍有关第一特征值的一些基本概念和基本公式。

Based on Hagedorn and Brown's method of wellbore pressure calculation, theoretical and actual liquid holdups at low gas liquid ratio are defined, and the principle and formulas to calculate the critical liquid carrying flow rate are established.

针对低气液比的气井携液情况，以Hagedorn和Brown井筒压力计算方法为基础，定义了理论和实际持液率，建立确定低气液比携液临界流量的原则和计算公式。

About a year passed, and all he had given us a few incantations to make heaven and earth clash, and smattering of various formulas and useful practices.

大约过了一年，老师教给我们的只是几句天地碰撞的咒语，几条不同的法则和有用的巫术。

This paper summarizes the research job of predecessors, full text is divided in four part:The first part introduces the develop history and present conditions of MCRE;In the second part, the concept of average Markov process is introduced. Moreover we investigate the relations for Markov processes, martingales, stationary processes and average Markov process systematically.The third part summarizes the model that constructs the MCRE by p-m chains and skew product Markov chains by p-m chains, also we discuss the relations among the basic gunctions of the probability character for MCREIn the fourth part, we discuss the dimension of GW-tree and the canonical branching chain in random environment, furthermore we summarize the exact formulas of mathematical expectation and variance of branching chain in random environment.

本文主要是综述这方面前人工作，全文分成四个部分：第一部分介绍了MCRE的发展历史和研究现状；第二部分研究了马氏过程、鞅和平稳过程这三类经典的随机过程的相互关系，包括他们之间的包含和排斥关系，引入了&均马氏过程&的概念，研究了它与三类经典过程—马氏过程、鞅及平稳过程的关系；第三部分综述了用p-m链构造的构造的随机环境中的马氏链和绕积马氏链，讨论了与之相关的概率特性函数的性质；第四部分讨论了GW树的维数，并综述了随机环境中的典范的分枝链，讨论了随机环境中的分枝链的数学期望和方差的计算公式。

On the basis of actual difference between longitude and latitude,the nine basic-scale topographic map numberings are calculated by formulas in the paper, and then the traditional graphical method continued from the past in survey teaching would be replaced by the formula method.

按经纬差划分为：l：100万、1：50万、1，20万、1，10万、1：6万、l：2.5万、1：1万、l；5千、1：2干等9种规格。多年来，在《地形测量规范》，《测量学》、《地形测量学》等测量书籍中，一直没有完整统一的公式计算图幅编号，码沿袭传统的几何作图法，逐级推算求得。给教学、生产、地图管理和应用等方面带来不便，不能适应计算技术发展的需要。

In the construct process of area formulas for rectangles, right-angled triangles, and parallelograms, all six students appeared significant difference in perception ability.

一、在长方形、直角三角形和平行四边形等面积公式的建构历程，六名学童的「察觉能力不同」（察觉能力包括「察觉面积公式规则」和「发展心象切割拼补能力」）。

On the basis of characteristics of the electric circuit, theoretical analysis has been given about noise and bandwidth of the PMT preamplifier circuit, and theoretical formulas for noise and bandwidth have also been presented in this paper.

根据所研制电路的特点，论文还对光电倍增管前置放大电路的噪声和带宽进行了理论分析，给出了噪声和带宽的理论计算公式。

Based on the crystal field theory, perturbation formulas of the spin Hamiltonian parameters g-factors (fourth-order) and the hyperfine structure constants (third-order) of 3d9 ions under tetragonal symmetry are established for the cases of small spin-orbit coupling coefficients and large spin-orbit coupling coefficients of the ligands.

本文基于晶体场理论，在较统一的理论模型和计算方法基础上运用微扰法分别对配体旋轨耦合系数较小和配体旋轨耦合系数较大的情况建立了3d9离子的自旋哈密顿参量g因子的四阶微扰公式和A因子的三阶微扰公式。

Since the contribution of the spin-orbital coupling interaction of the ligand to optical and electron paramagnetic resonance spectra can not be neglected, the optical and EPR spectra g factors g‖、g⊥ and hyperfine structure constant A‖、A⊥ of LiHSO4:VO2+ crystal are calculated from the high-order perturbation formulas on the basis of double-spin-orbital coupling model and crystal-field theory for 3d1 ion in tetragonal symmetry.

考虑到配体离子的自旋－轨道耦合作用对光谱和电子顺磁共振谱的贡献不可忽略，采用3d1离子在四角对称下基于双自旋－轨道耦合模型的高阶微扰公式和晶场理论公式，理论计算了LiHSO4：VO2+晶体的光谱和电子顺磁共振参量g因子g‖、g⊥和超精细结构常数A‖、A⊥。

The second-order perturbation formulas of the g factors and hyperfine structure constants for the lowest Kramers doublet Γ〓 of a 3d〓 ion under various octahedral symmetries (cubic, tetragonal, trigonal and rhombic) are established.

在较统一的理论模型和计算方法上建立了在各种对称性（立方、四角、三角和斜方）的八面体晶场中3d〓离子最低Kramers双重态Γ〓的g和A因子的二阶微扰公式，其中包含了前人通常忽略的组态相互作用、共价效应以及低对称畸变对自旋哈密顿参量的贡献。

Salt is good, but if the salt becomes flat and tasteless, with what do you season it?

14：33 盐本是好的，盐若失了味，可用什么叫它再咸呢？

He reiterated that the PLA is an army of the people under the leadership of the Communist Party of China.

他重申，人民解放军是在中国共产党领导下的人民军队。