查询词典 forest fire

The article incorporates Huygens' principle with existing fire behavior models of surface fire spread, crown fire spread, fire acceleration, builds forest fire simulation models which fit to Anning's terrain, and develops related dynamic modules for Yunnan Province. The experiment explores the spread of forest fires based on the Yunnan's special topography simulation.

利用惠更斯原理进行林火蔓延模拟，结合国际上成熟的林火行为模型（Rothermel的地表火模型，Van Wagner的树冠火蔓延模型，McAlpine的林火加速模型），建立适合云南省特殊地形的林火蔓延动态模型，并开发相应的动态模拟模块，在云南特殊地形地貌上的林火蔓延模拟做出一定探索。

The Forest fire prevention is the technology which has much relations with geographic information, so if we make use of 3S technology, we can greatly improve the levels in the area of monitoring, saving, forecast, analyze, statistic and decision so as to prevent in unfired state and discover at litter fire and save life and properties in time. Only by this way can we reduce the losses from forest fire disaster and protect the forest ecological resources and pepoles life and properties.

作为与地理信息密切相关的森林防火，采用3S技术，可以大为提高森林防火的监测、救援、预测、分析、统计、决策水平，从而防患于未燃，发现于小火，及时扑救，最大限度地减少森林火灾的损失，保护森林生态资源和人民生命财产安全。

In 1998,Malamud et al compared actual forest fire data with simulation results of forest-fire model proposed by Drossel et al.and found that actual forest-fire system has self-organized criticality characteristics.

研究主要基于火灾发生原理法，分析各种气象因素、人口因素等对森林火灾发生概率的影响，对其进行定量化，特别是对人口密度对森林火灾的影响进行了定量化。

Fire resistance of Pinus armandii bole were tested with fuel bed designed by the authors during the prohibitive period of forest fire. The mortality rate was accounted with a program developed by the authors with Visual Basic 6.0 after the phloem of samples were soaked with 4% 2, 3, 5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride solutions, then painted and scanned the distributing map of mortal and living phloem, purified the map color with Photoshop. Relationships between fire resistance of the bole and diameter, wood bark thickness, temperature, and heating time were anayzed. Countermeasures of forest fire protection were put forward.

在森林防火戒严期，用自行设计的装置对云南主要造林树种华山松进行了不同温度、时间作用下的树干耐火性试验，用红四氮唑对高温作用后的树干韧皮部进行了染色，经勾绘、扫描后用Photoshop软件将死亡的韧皮部处理成易于计算机识别的纯色，用Visual Basic 6.0编写的程序计算了树干韧皮部的死亡率，初步分析了华山松树干耐火性率与树干直径、树皮厚度、受热温度、受热时间的关系，据此提出了相应的森林消防措施。

Article 21 People's governments at different levels shall reinforce their leadership in fire prevention of the ecological public welfare forest, implement the system of administrative leaders' responsibility for forest fire prevention, and ensure the supply of sufficient funds for forest fire prevention and suppression. The forestry administrative department of the people's government at or above county level shall set up publicity boards for forest fire prevention in the forest area and peripheral area hereof, construct fire-prevention forest belt or forest fire obstruction passage and establish fire suppression force.

第二十八条违反本办法第二十四条第一款规定，在生态公益林区域内进行采种、采脂等经营活动，致使森林、林木受到毁坏的，依照《中华人民共和国森林法》第四十四条的规定，赔偿损失；由县级以上人民政府林业主管部门责令停止违法行为，补种毁坏株数1倍以上3倍以下的树木，可处毁坏林木价值1倍以上5倍以下的罚款；拒不补种树木或者补种不符合国家有关规定的，由林业主管部门代为补种，所需费用由违法者支付。

Using the a hand-hold GPS and wireless transmitting unit to rapidly locate the fire and determine the rate of fire spread, which also offered an indispensable way of verifying the speed of forest fire appealing. Discussing the representation and Computing Method of the simulate calculation error based on the thorough investigation of the sources of simulate calculation error. Pointing out that the speed and directional error are the root of forest fire appealing simulates error. Thus increasing the parameter of error correction is an effect way of reducing systematicsimulationerrors.

4提出了一种利用手持GPS和无线传输设备来快速测定火场位置和林火实际蔓延速度的方法，为林火蔓延模拟速度验证提供了必要的手段；对林火蔓延模拟误差的来源进行了全面分析，探讨了林火蔓延误差的表现形式和计算方法，指出了林火蔓延速度误差和蔓延方向误差是林火蔓延误差产生的根源，提出了通过增加系统误差修正参数来减少系统模拟误差的有效方法。

By combining a case analysis and experiences and lessons from the fire prevention work, the author put forward the development direction and the key improvement of forest fire prevention technology as follows: keep on the studies on weather and situation of forest fire and the short-term, medium-term and long-term fire forecasting, establishing the countrywide forest fire forecasting system step by step, enhancing the biologic fire prevention construction based on forest- prevention web and system, improving the ability of the initial fire obstruction, expanding the forest fire plan, strengthening the management of combustible substances, completing the national satellite network for forest-fire monitoring as soon as possible, speeding up the construction of computer assistance decision system, GIS forest resources geography information system and the GPS world fixed position system, strengthening the fire prevention communication and the extinguishing fire with aviation airplane and chemistry, implementing the modernization of fire machine tool.

结合实例分析及我国森林防火工作的经验和教训，提出了未来我国森林防火技术的发展方向和改进重点：继续努力开展火险天气、火险形势的科学研究和短期、中长期火险预测预报工作，逐步建立全国林火预报系统；加强以防火林带网络和体系建设为主的生物防火建设，提高对初发火的阻隔能力；推广计划火烧，加强可燃物管理；尽快完成全国卫星林火监测网络建设；加快微机辅助决策系统、GIS森林资源地理信息系统和GPS全球定位系统建设的步伐；加强防火通讯；加强航空飞机灭火和化学灭火的力度；实现扑火机具现代化等。

The system implemented forest fire model selection automatically and intelligently. BP artificial neural network model of forest fire model selection was build by treating forest fire environment data as inputting variable and treating appropriate forest fire model as outputting variable. At the same time, we studied the methods of acquiring and calculating data of inputting and outputting. The system implemented machine of model selection automatically based on dynamic data driven technology. We selected 72 items experimental data from historical forest fire records in Beijing to experiment and confirm the validity of model selection. It turned out that the reliability of model selection is more than 80 percent.

3基于BP人工神经网络方法设计了林火模型适宜性选择技术框架结构，通过神经网络形成林火模型选择知识，实现了林火模型的自动化和智能化选择；以火场环境因子为输入变量，以适宜火场环境模拟的林火蔓延模型作为输出变量，构建了林火模型选择神经网络模型；研究了输入、输出因子数据的获取与计算方式，实现了动态数据驱动的林火模型自动选择机制；以本京市为例，选择了有详细火场情况记录的72场林火作为实验样本，其中60条记录作为学习样本集，12条记录作为验证样本，对神经网络进行了学习和验证，实验结果表明，模型选择精度可达到80%以上。

There are some questions such as forest fire model selection, forest fire model updating, verifying simulation accuracy and so on in traditional forest fire spreading system. Study purpose is to build an innovative forest fire spreading simulation system based on DDDAS in this paper. The system can increase precision of forest fire spreading simulation by model base, model selection, model updating and so on. It can provide a strategic decision for forest fire save and new technologies demonstration for other related field of research. The research encompasses several major topics:(1) This paper brings up the term of dynamic data driven forest fire spreading simulation system and supplies new research approach and thought for forest fire spreading simulation study. The system framework was brought.

本研究针对传统林火模拟过程中存在的模型手动选择难度大、模型修正数据获取效率低、模拟精度验证困难等问题，以DDDAS为林火蔓延模拟研究的技术范式，提出林火蔓延模拟全新的技术框架体系，解决模拟系统建设过程中的模型库建设与管理、模型适宜性选择、模型自适应修正、模拟过程实时验证等关键技术，建立林火扩散模拟和实际林火发展之间相互协作、共生的林火扩散动态模拟系统；提高林火蔓延模拟精度，将林火蔓延模拟真正应用到林火扑救指挥过程当中，在实践上为林火扑救指挥提供决策支持，在理论上为相关领域的空间扩散模拟研究提供新的思路和技术范式。

The four models were analyzed and normalized. We studied the procedure and method of building forest fire model base. Model base was build by object-oriented method based on category of model. Forest fire spreading models algorithm were implemented. We designed model dictionary base, model file base, and model knowledge base. Model base administration and maintenance functions were developed and implemented model file management, parameter management and knowledge management. The problems of interface between of model base and database were solved by means of model data control files. Model base ensured the availability of supporting for forest fire model suitability selection technology and forest fire model self-adapting updating technology.(3) Based on BP artificial neural network, we designed a frame construction of forest fire model selection of suitability. Forest fire model selection knowledge was produced through BP artificial neural network.

2建立了林火模型库建设的林火蔓延模型评价标准，根据模型评价标准和试验区实际情况，在42个林火蔓延模型中选择了目前最具有影响力和最具有典型代表性的Rothermel模型、王正非模型、加拿大模型和澳大利亚模型进行了解析和归一化处理；对林火模型库的建库过程和方法进行了研究，在林火模型分类基础上，采用面向对象的模型库表示方法建立了林火模型库；实现了林火蔓延模型算法，设计了模型字典库、模型文件库和模型知识库；开发了模型库管理与维护功能，实现了模型的文件管理、参数管理和知识管理；通过模型数据管理文件解决了模型库与数据库之间接口问题；实现了林火模型库对林火模型适宜性选择和林火模型自适应修正技术的有效支持。

As she looked at Warrington's manly face, and dark, melancholy eyes, she had settled in her mind that he must have been the victim of an unhappy attachment.

每逢看到沃林顿那刚毅的脸，那乌黑、忧郁的眼睛，她便会相信，他一定作过不幸的爱情的受害者。

Maybe they'll disappear into a pothole.

也许他们将在壶穴里消失