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The measurement system error model analysis is introduced into power system real time network state analysis as an important part for the first time, which can improve on the state estimation quality and provide the capability to monitor the operation of the measurement system; 2. The theory and algorithm of the on-line estimation and update of measurement noise variance based on the relation between the residual variance and noise variance. The statistic properties of the sample variance are discussed and the relation between the estimation precision and sample size under given confidence level is derived; 3. The theory and algorithm of detection and identification of measurement bias are presented, which is based on the relation between residual mean and noise mean. The statistic properties of sample mean are discussed and the relation between estimation precision and sample size is derived; 4. The Givens orthogonal transformation algorithm is selected to be the essential algorithm of state estimation, the fast orthogonal transformation algorithm with damp factor and the algorithm which can handle the zero injection measurements efficiently are presented; 5. The quantity analysis theory of bad data detectivity and identifibility are presented, which describes the relation between the elements in matrix W〓 and bad data amplitude and can provide the theory base for measurement system design and valuation.

一、首次将量测系统误差模型分析做为一个环节引入电力系统实时网络状态分析中，为EMS系统增加了实时监视系统运行、修正量测系统误差模型的新功能，进一步发挥了实时网络状态分析应用软件的潜力；二、首次提出了应用样本方差在线估计与修正量测系统误差方差的基本理论，讨论了样本方差的统计性质和概率分布，推导出了样本容量、估计精度和置信度之间的关系，给出了在线估计与修正量测系统误差方差的算法；三、首次提出了应用样本均值在线检测与辨识量测偏差的基本理论，讨论了样本均值的统计性质，推导了样本容量、估计精度和置信度之间的基本关系，给出了在线检测与辨识量测偏差的算法；四、在状态估计算法设计中，以Givens变换算法做为基本算法，提出了快速正交变换阻尼因子法和可以有效地处理零注入量测的混合法，并对实时应用中的一些问题进行了讨论；五、提出了不良数据可检测性与可辨识性的定量分析理论，揭示了描述量测系统配置、网络结构与参数的残差灵敏度矩阵中的元素与不良数据的幅值在可检测、可辨识能力上的定量关系，为量测系统配置设计与评价提供了理论基础；六、综合国内外最新研究成果，采用自适应自回归预测技术和稀疏矢量技术，构造了较完善的不良数据检测与辨识算法。

Therefore, it was necessary to study the shearing test standards for different size of asphalt mixture. The test parameters, shearing stress coefficient for different nominal size were determined.

为此，对适应不同公称粒径的沥青混合料抗剪试验标准进行了探讨，并确定了适用于不同公称粒径的试验参数和剪应力系数。

In this thesis, three major achievements were made in theoretical study: conditions and rules for preparing nano-powders by chemical precipitation are analyzed from the point of view of thermodynamics and kinetics, the principle, standards and experimental method for the aqueous dispersion of nano-scaled metal oxide powders were proposed and verified, mathematical model of nano-filming addition of dopants by chemical coprecipitation was established. In experimental research, nm-ZnO, nm-Bi〓O〓, nm-Co〓O〓 and nm-MnO powder with spherical shape, narrow particle size distribution and small particle size were prepared successfully, highly stable and dispersive aqueous suspensoid of nm-ZnO, nm-TiO〓, nm-Co〓O〓 and nm-MnO powder were prepared successfully and surface modification on these nano-powders was also achieved, 0-3 nanocomposite ZnO varistors with nm-ZnO, nm-TiO〓and nm-MnO respectively were prepared successfully by conventional mechanical attrition, and exhibited much better electrical properties than those of conventional varistors.

综上所述，本文在理论研究方面取得了三项成果：（1）从热力学和动力学角度推导并分析了液相化学沉淀法制备纳米粉体的反应条件和规律，（2）提出了纳米氧化物的水分散体系的设计原理、规范和通用实验步骤，（3）提出了共沉淀的数学模型和计算方法；在实验方面所取得的成果有：（1）成功制备了粒度小、分布窄、形貌对称的纳米氧化锌、纳米氧化铋、纳米氧化钴和纳米氧化亚锰，（2）成功地制备了纳米氧化锌、纳米二氧化钛、纳米氧化钴和纳米氧化锰的高稳定分散悬浮液并实现了干粉体的表面改性，（3）成功地进行了纳米氧化锌、纳米二氧化钛和纳米氧化锰对压敏电阻的0—3复合掺杂实验，试样性能远优于常规压敏电阻，为实现压敏电阻的高能高压化提供了新的方法和思路。

Classical Top-Hat transform only uses structure element in one size and can not effectively extract objects in the image, because only part of objects may have a high response for a given structure element size and a lower response for the rest.

经典的Top-Hat变换用唯一尺寸的结构元素对图像进行处理，并不能有效地提取目标，图像上面的结构或目标不一定对那个尺寸的结构元素敏感。

Company has been mainly based on integrity for high-quality, operates mainly in fresh Campanulaceae, do Campanulaceae, Platycodon silk exports be medicine, food medicines, according to my door to customer demand for processing different types of Campanulaceae such as: size length, size , and many virtual virtual Campanulaceae less, thereby creating a custom-made products, my door's purpose is: Let customer satisfaction is my goal door, so that benefits are my customers have the purpose of door, one to shake hands with Datang are Forever Friend, step into the big good luck to followWing

公司成立以来一直是以诚信为高质量为主，主要经营鲜桔梗，干桔梗，桔梗丝，出口条药，菜药，我门可以根据客户的需求来加工不同类型的桔梗如：尺寸长度，大小，和桔梗虚多虚少，从而打造出定做产品，我门的宗旨是：让客户满意是我门目标，让客户有实惠是我门的目的，大唐一握手永远是朋友，蹋进大唐门好运永跟随

Analyses of stomach contents showed that, for adult bullfrogs, the most important prey items overall were Decapoda, Coleoptera, Odonata, Mesogastropoda, Raniformes, and Cypriniformes; while for juvenile bullfrogs, they were Decapoda, Coleoptera, Cypriniformes, Odonata, Orthoptera, Hymenoptera, Lepidoptera larvae, Mesogastropoda, and Raniformes. Moreover, prey size and diet volume increased with the body size of both adult and juvenile bullfrogs. The diet composition of primary preys of bullfrogs was significantly different among different islands.

食性分析结果表明：(1)按食物体积计算，成年牛蛙以十足目、鞘翅目、蜻蜓目、中腹足目、蛙形目和鲤形目为主要食物，亚成体牛蛙以十足目、鞘翅目、鲤形目、蜻蜓目、直翅目、膜翅目、鳞翅目幼虫、中腹足目和蛙形目为主要食物；成体和亚成体牛蛙胃中食物的平均大小均随其体长增加而增大；(2)不同岛屿上的牛蛙在主要食物类型构成上存在差异。

The experimental results showed that SiC ultrafine powder was synthesized at 1500℃for 120 minutes by used rare earth lanthanum as additive. Its primary particle size was about 100nm and aggregated particle size was about 360nm and the particle shape was regulation, non-aggregation and well dispersibility. While the rare earth ceria used as the additive, SiC ultrafine powder was synthesized at 1500℃for 150 minutes but the particle shape was irregulation and seriously agglomerated and had numerous crystal whiskers.

实验结果表明：以稀土镧为添加剂时，在1500℃×120min合成工艺下，可以合成出一次粒径为100nm左右，二次粒径为360nm的SiC细粉，且SiC粉体颗粒形状规则，无团聚，分散性好；以稀土铈为添加剂时，在1500℃×150min合成工艺下，也可以得到单相的SiC，但SiC粉体颗粒形状不规则，有大量晶须存在，且团聚严重。

It is also suggested that the correlations between pollen-ovule ratio and pollen size , and ovule size should be accounted for in terms of sex allocation theory. During this project, no other effective pollinators except bumblebees and no species-specific pollinator have been observed for all kinds of Pedicularis species.

花粉胚珠比与配子体投资的相关性是植物自身为获得生殖成功，对资源在两性性功能的配置重新调整的结果，性配置理论可以很好的解释这些关系。

For the La-filled skutterudite compound, the figure of merit increases with the increasing of grain size, indicating that a relatively large grain size yields better thermoelectric properties for these compounds.

具有较大晶粒尺寸的填充〓化合物容易获得高的ZT值。

Pristine Li-Al LDHs are synthesized by hydrothermal process in different reaction conditions by varying the aging time for 1 and 24 hours. Both the Li-Al layered double hydroxides (abbreviated as Li-Al LDH1 and Li-Al LDH24 for aging time 1 hour and 24 hours, respectively) were modified by using sulphanilic acid sodium salt hydrate, modified agent to form modified Li-Al LDH1-SAS and Li-Al LDH24-SAS. The morphology of the pristine layered double hydroxides are investigated by using wide angle X-rays diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and particle size analyzer which indicates that the crystallinity and aspect ratio is increased with increasing the aging time from 1 hour to 24 hours. The particle size of Li-Al LDH24 and Li-Al LDH1 are found to be ~1000 nm and ~250 nm, respectively. Both the pristine and modified LDHs are characterized by XRD, FTIR spectra and thermogravimetric analysis.

本研究目的在於改变长晶时间的长短，合成出同径大小的Li-Al LDHs，再经由改质剂sulphanilic acid sodium salt hydrate将Li-Al LDHs无机层材表面有机官能化制备出改质型Li-Al LDHs-SAS，於是进一步藉由扫描式电子显微镜、射径仪和穿透式电子显微镜等仪器分别观察LDHs改质前和改质后其主层结构型态上的变化；从中可以发现Li-Al LDHs随著长晶时间的增加其径有随之增大的趋势，但经有机化改质后其径会由於改质环境的影响明显低许多，针对此现象本实验将未改质和改质后之Li-Al人工无机层材制备成复材进一步探讨其在热性质和难燃特性上的为表现。

I didn't watch TV last night, because it .

昨晚我没有看电视，因为电视机坏了。

Since this year, in a lot of villages of Beijing, TV of elevator liquid crystal was removed.

今年以来，在北京的很多小区里，电梯液晶电视被撤了下来。