查询词典 fluoridation

This paper reviewed the relationship between fluoridated milk and dental caries prevention derived from the preceding academic research. Several topics, including milk fluoridation, fluoridated milk in animal and human clinical studies, the effect of fluoridated milk to fluoride concentration in saliva and dental plaque, the bioavailability of fluoridated milk, and the effect on human teeth were discussed.

本文回顾有关牛奶与龋齿间关系以及牛奶氟化以预防龋齿的文献，从牛奶氟化的最初想法，到氟化牛奶的动物实验、人类临床实验，进一步研究对唾液、牙菌斑中含氟量的影响，以及氟化牛奶的生物可得性，最后探讨对人类牙齿的抗酸溶解力的改变。

The AFM and SEM examination indicated a honey-comb structure after erosion and SEM showed the deposition on the enamel surface after fluoridation.

AFM和SEM均可见酸蚀后的釉质表面呈典型的蜂窝状结构，SEM观察显示氟化物处理后，各组釉质表面均有一定沉积物。

The American Dietetic Association strongly reaffirms its endorsement of the appropriate use of systemic and topical fluorides, including water fluoridation, at appropriate levels as an important public health measure throughout the life span.

美国饮食营养协会再次强烈地断言，它认可的适当地外用和内服氟化物，是人一生的重要公众卫生措施。蔬菜和水果降低头颈癌发生的危险

All products are characterized with 1H-NMR. The products are used as PTC in the fluoridation of p-chloronitrobenzene, tetrachloroterephthaloyl chloride and N-benzyltetrachloridephthalimide to detect the performance of the different PTCs.

分别将上述化合物作为相转移催化剂应用于对硝基氯苯、四氯对苯二甲酰氯和N-苯基四氯邻苯二甲酰亚胺等化合物的氟化反应中，以检测各催化剂的催化性能。

The author analyzes an insurance database to evaluate the utilization of dental care preventive service and cost-benefit effectiveness of teeth fluoridation and anti-decay treatment program in central part of Taiwan.

全民健康保险自93年7月1日起实施儿童牙齿涂氟预防保健服务迄今已逾四年，本研究旨在探讨使用该项预防保健服务对健保牙医医疗利用之影响，并对涂氟支出之成本与减少之医疗费用进行成本效益分析（cost-benefit analysis，CBA）。

Teeth fluoridation ; dental care ; cost-benefit analysis ; Incremental benefit/cost method

指导教授马作镪；中文关键字儿童牙齿预防保健；涂氟；成本效益分析；增量益本比

Results: No statistic significant differences between children sex and receiving or non-receiving this benefit factor, however, significant difference were showed at medical providing territories and insured fee factor pConclusions: In the selected children, parent's decision making and territory variance (ex: cities vs. townships gave influence of children to receive teeth fluoridation and incidence rate of caries.

研究结果发现，儿童接受涂氟与否与性别无统计差异；但与就医地区别、全民健保投保金额组别呈现统计上显著差异p依本研究显见涂氟可减少健保牙科医疗利用，确可达到降低医疗费用支出的目的，惟其所减少之健保医疗费用支出，尚未符合公务支付涂氟成本之效益。

Teflubenzuron was synthesized from 2,4-difluoronitrobenzene and 2,6-dichlobenil as starting reagent through six-step reaction with the yield of 75.3%.3,5-Dichloro-2,4-difluoroaniline was synthesized by chlorination,reduction reaction from 2,4-difluoronitrobenzene,the yield was 84.5%;2,6-difluorobenzamide with the yield of 87.7% was synthesized by fluoridation and hydrolysis from 2,6-dichlobenil.

以2，4-二氟硝基苯和2，6-二氯苯腈为起始原料，经过6步反应合成伏虫隆，总收率为75.3%。以2，4-二氟硝基苯为原料，经过氯化、还原反应合成3，5-二氯-2，4-二氟苯胺，产率为84.5%；以2，6-二氯苯腈为原料，经过氟化和水解，制得2，6-二氟苯甲酰胺，产率为87.7%；将Ⅱ与二碳酸酯酰化，合成2，6-二氟苯甲酰异氰酸酯，产率为91.3%；Ⅲ与Ⅰ加成，得到杀虫剂伏虫隆，产率为95%。

Methods: A retrospective study was conducted using an insurance database from Bureau of Nation Health Insurance - Central regional branch with registered children born in 2001 who received teeth fluoridation and anti-decay program. The difference of utilization of dental care preventive service analysis was based on each individual child's character and required dental treatment. For cost-benefit analysis, children were selected who were eligible receiving or non- receiving this benefit from July 1, 2004 till 2007. Two groups were compared by frequency matching analysis, based on sex, medical provide territories, insured fee. Additional Incremental benefit/cost method of cost-benefit analysis is also conducted to evaluate the service providing cost increasing and dental treatment cost decreasing effectiveness.

研究方法主要系透过健保局中区分局93年至96年儿童牙科医疗费用统计资料，比较90年次出生之儿童接受涂氟预防保健服务之人口学特质及其涂氟前后牙科医疗利用差异；并依该等对象接受涂氟预防保健服务与否区分两组，就其性别、就医地区别与全民健保投保金额组别等予以配对，进一步应用成本效益分析（cost-benefit analysis，CBA）之增量益本比（Incremental benefit/cost method，IBC），探讨儿童牙齿涂氟预防保健服务成本的增加，使牙科医疗费用减少所带来效益的增加为何。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。