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This paper studies the main geometrical parameter such as angle, height, width, stagger and the upper width in dentation and trapezoid flow path, firstly, uses the single-phase numerical simulation of the computational fluid dynamics technique to analyse the influence of different geometrical parameter on discharge coefficient and flow state exponent of drip emitter. Secondly, uses the two-phases numerical simulation of CFD (1% sand content ) to analyse the influence of the above mentioned geometrical parameter on the contribution regulation of sand and anti-clogging performance. Thirdly, uses the PIV （ particle Tracking Velocimetry ） technique which can see the small-scale flow path to observe and test the trajectories and velocities of solid particles in labyrinth flow path, and analyses the basic factors which can influence the movement characteristic of solid particles and the flow state in flow path.

本文以齿形流道、梯形流道为主要研究对象，以流道转角、流道高，流道宽、偏差量及梯形流道上底宽为主要结构参数，首先应用 CFD 单相流数值模拟技术对不同结构参数灌水器流道水力性能进行模拟，分析了不同结构参数对流态指数和流量系数的影响，其次，应用 CFD 两相流（含沙量为1%）数值模拟技术分析了结构参数对含沙量分布规律和抗堵塞性能的影响，然后，应用 PIV 可视化测试方法测试了固体颗粒在流道内运行轨迹及速度，分析了影响固体颗粒运动特性及流道内流体流态的基本因素，最后，对上述流道结构形式通过模具加工及滴灌带试制，进行了标准化测试（ GB/T 17187-1997 农业灌溉设备滴头技术规范和试验方法与 ISO 标准 ISO /TC23 /SC18 /WG5N4短周期堵塞测试程序），测试结果验证了 CFD 模拟结果，并提出了迷宫结构流道灌水器的抗堵塞设计方法。

The flow regime in downcomer can be divided into two kinds: cross flow injection and impingement. Cross flow injection only takes place under low injection flow rate in dowcomer flow. The investigation on flow regime and heat transfer in RPV under PTS is for the first time in China.

在国内本实验是第一个研究下降环腔内的流动与传热，在国际上，象这样同时进行了流动可视化，常温常压下传热和高温高压下传热的实验也不多，特别是针对下降环腔内对流换热系数的研究，在公开文献中还没有相类似的实验。

By using Flash software produced a number of fluid flow in the animation, including the viscous flow in vivo experiments indicate friction, rotation speed Dengjiao containers of liquids in relative balance, the system and control of, weak disturbance in the transmission space - Mach cone, the disturbance wave Dissemination process, bypassing the wings of the two-dimensional flows, ease converter and blast crisis and stagnation flow indicate parameters and critical parameters such as the concept that a number of animation, produced by sports meeting between the animation, shape meeting between animation, masking animation and time Axis to achieve those effects the flow of fluid animation, and by adding these buttons used to control the flow of fluid animation, and so will the speed of the fluid flow in a clear show up.

本文利用Flash软件制作了流体若干流动现象的动画，包括粘性流体内摩擦实验示意、等角速旋转容器中液体的相对平衡、系统与控制体、微弱扰动在空间的传播——马赫锥、扰动波传播过程、绕过机翼的二维流动、缓变流与急变流示意以及滞止参数和临界参数的概念说明等若干动画，通过制作运动补间动画、形状补间动画、遮罩动画和时间轴特效来实现这些流体流动的动画效果，并通过添加按钮用于控制这些流体流动的动画的速度等将上述流体流动现象清晰的展示出来。

Flowmeters: differential pressure flowmeter, velocity flow meter, the liquid volumetric flow meter, rotameter, target-style flow transmitter, the critical flow meter, mass flowmeter, gas laminar flow sensor, gas waist Wheel flowmeters, open channel weir slot flow meter

流量计：差压式流量计、速度式流量计、液体容积式流量计、转子流量计、靶式流量变送器、临界流流量计、质量流量计、气体层流流量传感器、气体腰轮流量计、明渠堰槽流量计； 17。

The administration of reservation be permissioned permits project and administration to examine and approve a project, started with " compact flow content, optimize flow course, improve flow efficiency, strengthen flow to superintend, ensure flow unobstructed " the flow give somebody a new lease on life that is a principle.

被允许保留的行政许可项目和行政审批项目，则启动了以&精简流程内容，优化流程路线，提高流程效能，加强流程监管，确保流程通畅&为原则的流程再造。

Based on the deep research of structure characteristics of the shell-side of the shell-and-tube heat exchanger and laws of fluid flow and heat transfer, the concept of "sideling flow" in the shell-side is presented for the first time, which is relative to the flow states of the cross-flow, the longitudinal-flow and the helical-flow.

在上述壳程流体&斜向流&状态理念的指导下，首次研制开发了新型高效节能管壳式换热器—帘式折流片换热器，改进和发展了换热器壳程的结构形式，实现了壳程流体的斜向流动。

At the super-low permeable reservior sandstone of Fu and Yang in Daqing Oilfield, many pore throats exist a lot in the types of compacted and restored flakes and curved lamellas while the pore volume of micropore and the thin, compacted and shrunken throat that contribute little to flow take large scale in the total pore space. Thereof high filtrational resistance is caused by much trouble including high content of reservoir shale, serious sensibility to pressure at waterflooding, remarkable effects of undersaturation and water blocks in micropore. A method with laboratory experiment, theoretical confirmation and field application included was adopted to analyze the non-linear flow characteristics, to reveal the deep mechanism of pinhole enveloping macropore and to provide a new technology of improving the development effect. The outcomes aquired are as follows: Multiple cores with different low and super-low permeability were selected to perform seepage experiments by gas, water and oil. Three fields of flow were observed in the reservoir at different low and super-low core permeability. They are pseudo- elastic flow, transition flow and plastic creep flow. So the concept that there was no correlation of rocky absolute permeability with fluid properties that pasted itself was broken up. Two-phase seepage of water displacing oil in uniform super-low permeability shows that the two-phase seepage zone is narrow.

针对大庆油田扶、杨特低渗透油层砂岩孔隙喉道的大小和形态以压实再生型片状、弯片状喉道分布较广，压实、缩小型细喉道型，微孔不可流动的孔隙体积所占总孔隙体积的比例较大的特点；及储层泥质含量高，注水开发中压力敏感性强、微孔隙欠饱和及水锁效应显著，导致流体渗流阻力增大的问题，本文采用室内实验、理论推证和矿场应用相结合的方法，研究、分析了流体非线性渗流特征，更深刻地揭示出小孔包围大孔的机理及产生原因，并提供了改善开发效果的新的技术方法，取得如下成果：选择不同渗透率的低渗透、特低渗透岩心，进行了气、水和油单相渗流实验，揭示出当岩心渗透率不同时，油层内的流体呈现出拟弹性流变、过渡流变、塑性蠕变三种流变区，从而打破了岩心的绝对渗透率与通过岩心流体性质无关的观点；同类特低渗透岩心的水驱油两相渗流实验表明，两相渗流区较窄。

The major works are as follows: 1 The 3-D numerical model of U-sharp flow passages is set up. The single-phase fluid flow and heat transfer are simulated for the U-sharp smooth and rib-roughened flow passages with FLUENT software. Their performance curves, temperature field and velocity vector are obtained and the local heat transfer and flow pressure-drop distribution along flow passage are analyzed. It is revealed that the ribbed flow passages can enhance heat-transfer and make the temperature more uniform, but it increases the pressure-drop to more extent. 2 The influences of diaphragm depth, channel width and board spacing on the performance are investigated.

建立了层叠式蒸发器U形流道的3维湍流模型，用FLUENT软件对尺寸相同的U形光滑流道和肋化流道中单相流体的传热和流动进行了数值模拟，得到了两种流道的传热和阻力性能关系曲线及速度矢量图、温度场，分析了光滑流道和肋化流道的局部换热系数及沿程压降变化，结果表明流道的肋化能有效的增强传热，而且使流体的流动和传热更加均匀，但也较大地增大了阻力。

The best combination of anode and cathode flow channel flow was anode flow channel cross-finger, the flow field composed of the cathode flow channel cross-refers was the best combination of flow field.

阳极流道与阴极流道的最佳组合为阳极交指流道、阴极交指流道组成的流场为最佳组合流场。

Finally, the techniques of time-serial measurement for transient flow field, three-dimensiqonal tomography, computer image processing and the theories above quantitative calculation studied in the thesis are used to measure the free jet flow field of real rocket, the flow field of bore nozlle, impingment field of exhusted jet, three-dimensional flow field in hypersonic shock tunnel, the flow field of boundary layer transition, explosive and combustion flow field of detonating powder and 3-D temperature field.

最后，利用本文所研究的瞬态流场时间序列定量测试技术，三维C.T技术，计算机图像处理技术和定量计算理论等对真实火箭燃气射流场，膛口流场，燃气射流冲击场，高超音速激波风洞中的三维流场，模型边界层转捩区流场，起爆药爆轰流场和燃烧场、三维温度场等进行测试，取得了一些国际上首创性的成果，并对实现上发现的一些新现象进行理论分析和解释。

Neither the killing of Mr Zarqawi nor any breakthrough on the political front will stop the insurgency and the fratricidal murders in their tracks.

在对危险的南部地区访问时，他斥责什叶派民兵领导人对中央集权的挑衅行为。

In fact,I've got him on the satellite mobile right now.

实际上 我们已接通卫星可视电话了