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In order to study the intake air flow characteristics in four-valve diesel engines, in this dissertation hot-wire anemometer and PIV twodimension instantaneous measuring technique are used. Extensive experimental study on two intake valve exit flow fields and longitudinal section flow field in cylinder are performed for different type of diesel engines. Great researching progress have been made on the interaction between two intake ports, and the formation process of in-cylinder swirl and flow field structure of cross and longitudinal section for four valve diesel engines. These results are presented in China for the first time and without such kind of research work reported abroad as detailed and deepgoing as this dissertation. The author designs and makes a set of hot wire measuring velocity device to measure the velocity distribution around the intake valve annulus and the cross section flow field in cylinder.

为了研究四气门柴油机进气过程中气体流动的变化规律，本文利用热线测速和PIV二维瞬态测速技术，对四气门柴油机两进气门出口全圆周流速场和缸内横、纵剖面的气体流动流场进行了大量的试验研究，在四气门柴油机两进气道之间相互影响的变化规律，缸内涡流的形成过程及缸内横、纵剖面流场结构等方面取得了重大的研究进展，这一研究工作在国内尚属首次，在国外也未见有如此全面、深入的研究报道。

To achieve this, the or each steam generator pipe (22, 50, 60) has a respective downpipe section (34, 52, 62, 64), which is approximately vertical and through which the flow medium can flow downwards and a respective riser pipe section (36, 54, 66, 68) connected downstream of the downpipe on the flow medium side, which is approximately vertical and through which the flow medium can flow upwards.

为达到此目的，按本发明这一根或每根蒸汽发生器管(22、50、60)分别包括一个近似垂直布置可被流动介质沿向下的方向流过的下降管段(34、52、62、64)和一个沿流动介质流向连接在该下降管段下游的、近似垂直布置并可被流动介质沿向上的方向流过的上升管段(36、54、66、68)。

Based on numerical simulation flow after treatment methods and implementation. This paper drawing river ice jam thickness contour map, vertical water flow under the ice jam contour map as an example, the use of Surfer software described in detail various graphics rendering; Focused on the Surfer with VB programming software secondary development to achieve flow numerical simulation after treatment, showed that automatic change the data files to the Surfers;Introduced Active automation technology and Visual Basic Application Program Interface, and the interface technology will combinate VB powerful software development capabilities and Surfer software powerful mapping functions , achieve the key code and the mapping results map examples: under the ice sheet flow velocity field vertical contour map, three-dimensional wire-frame plans, such as flow field vector graphics, and dynamic display and output the graphics.

基于水流数值模拟后处理的方法与实现，本文以绘制河流冰塞厚度等值线图、冰塞下水流纵向流速等值线图为例，详细介绍了运用Surfer软件绘制各种图形的方法；重点阐述了用VB编程对Surfer软件进行二次开发实现水流数值模拟后处理，显示向Surfer数据文件自动转换的过程；介绍了Active自动化技术及其与VB应用程序的接口技术，并利用该接口技术将VB的强大软件开发能力和Surfer软件强大的绘图功能相结合，给出了实现该接口技术的关键代码以及绘制成果图件的实例：冰盖下流速场纵向流速等值线图、三维线框图、流场矢量图等图形，并输出图形与动态显示。

The main factors influencing the duration of preferential flow are the duration and the amount of rainfall. The duration of preferential flow is very evidently positively related to the duration of rainfall, and evidently positively related to the amount of rainfall. The main factor influencing the peak of preferential flow is the amount of rainfall, which is evidently positively related to the peak of preferential flow. The soil characteristics of different soil layers are very different, which induced the lateral preferential flow.

3降雨和土壤物理特性是影响优先流的重要因子，影响优先流流量的主要降雨因子是降雨总量，两者呈现出极显著的正相关关系；影响优先流历时的主要降雨因子是降雨历时和降雨总量，优先流历时与降雨历时为极显著正相关关系，与降雨总量为显著正相关关系；影响优先流峰值流量的主要降雨因子是降雨总量，两者为显著正相关关系。

The advantage of CFD numerical simulation especially displays in the development of the new products, it not only can replace theroutine experiment and offer various kinds of flow characteristic parameters by a large margin , It not only can replace conventional experimental substantially provide various flow parameters, and reveals through three-dimensional flow field pattern to optimize design based on detailed. CFD numerical simulation in this text applications will greatly enhance the cage control valve design and the technical level and product quality, reducing cage control valve design and processing cycle, significant cost savings, And optimizes through the flow channel, to reduce fluid flow through the valve of energy loss, improving efficiency in the use of energy have the extremely vital significance.

CFD数值模拟的优势尤其表现在新产品的研制开发中，它不但能大幅度取代常规实验提供各种流动特性参数，而且能通过揭示流场三维分布形态为优化设计提供详细依据；文中所采用CFD方法必将大大提高套筒型调节阀设计的技术含量与产品质量，可缩短调节阀的设计和加工周期，节省大量成本，并且通过流道优化，对降低流体流过调节阀的能量损失，提高能源利用率等具有十分重要的意义。

3The transience multiphase flow software was employed for simulating pipeline's slug flow behavior in this paper. The computational results of OLGA have been interpretted by relevant theory.The changes of pressure and holdup in the slug flow analyzed were explained, and its inherent regularity was also revealed in detail.Through which, the cause to slug flow was found out, and the flow type of slug could be suppress or controlled effectively.

3采用瞬态多相流软件对管道流动特性进行模拟研究，用相关理论解释OLGA软件的计算结果，主要针对段塞流压力、持液率的变化规律进行分析，详尽地揭示其内在规律，确定段塞流产生的原因，并进行模拟控制调节。

The Frechet derivative of the cost function is determined via the solution of an adjoint partial differential equation, and the boundary shape is then modified in a direction of descent. This process is repeated until an optimum solution is approached. The advantage is that the cost function variation is independent of the flow field variation, with the result that the gradient of cost function with respect to arbitrary number of design variables can be determined without the need for additional flow-field evaluations. So each design cycle requires the numerical solution of both the flow and the adjoint equations leading to a computational cost roughly equal to the cost of two flow solutions.

虽然他们的研究成果大多数都可以在公开性文献上看到，但是其中一些具体的细节问题的处理方法却没有透露，比如：伴随方程如何离散求解才能减小最终梯度计算中的误差，使得设计过程有效地进行；伴随方程与流动方程的边界条件是不同的，如何合理地处理伴随方程的边界条件，才能推动设计过程朝着设计目标而发展；在减阻问题中目标函数如何定义，求解梯度的具体数学公式如何推导，如何通过数值方法来实现它们等。

China Southern Jilin Branch flights through continuous optimization of the structure, improve the route network, aircraft frame good enough "air bridge" is to strive to achieve "Let China Southern to become the first choice for customers, the communication between China and the world has become a shortcut to" mission, to strengthen the Jilin Province internal and external trade, tourism and cultural ties to stimulate the flow of people inside and outside the province, logistics, business flow, capital flow, information flow, for the national and local economy and good and fast development, a positive contribution to make due.

南航吉林分公司通过不断优化航班结构，完善航线网络，架好架足"空中桥梁"，就是要力争实现"让南航成为客户的首选，成为沟通中国与世界的捷径"的使命，为加强吉林省内外经贸、旅游、文化的交流联系，带动省内外的人流、物流、商流、资金流、信息流，为国家和地方经济的又好又快发展，做出应有的积极贡献

Results The direct flow rate reached 0.549L/min when pressure difference was 4.90kPa(500mmH_2O), and the antidromic flow rate only reached 0.028L/min when pressure difference was 4.90kPa(500mmH_2O), the direct flow rate is much more than the antidromic flow rate.

结果：当瓣膜两端顺向的压强差为4.90kPa(500mmH_2O)时，流量可达0.549L/min；当瓣膜两端逆向的压强差为4.90kPa(500mmH_2O)时，流量为0.028L/min，顺向压差的流量大于逆向压差的流量。

The binomial deliverability equation can only be used to describe the high velocity non-Darcy filtering flow. For low permeability fracturing gas wells, due to low permeable property and high flow conductivity of the formation, the filtering flow laws of the formation are different from those before fracturing, and binomial deliverability equation can not be used for the flow condition of gas wells, therefore, new equation is needed.

二项式产能方程只能描述高速非达西渗流，对于低渗压裂气井，地层的低渗透性和裂缝的高导流能力使得其渗流规律已经和压裂前大不一样，二项式产能方程已无法描述气井的生产状况，必须建立新的方程。

Now she was hungry and angry.She began to smoulder.

现在她又饿又气，她开始流露难以抑制的怒火。

You have placed our iniquities before You, Our secret sins in the light of Your presence.

诗90：8 你将我们的罪孽摆在你面前、将我们的隐恶摆在你面光之中。